Linking Magical Realism and the Sublime in A Very Old Man...

Linking Magical Realism and the Sublime in A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings Marquezs A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings links Magical Realism and Sublime literature to one another in such a way that Magical Realism seems to be a genre of the Sublime. This short story was published with a collection of other stories entitled Leaf Storm and Other Stories in 1955. Gabriel Garcia Marquez, a native Columbian, has accomplished a great deal in the field of Magical Realism. This particular short story fulfills the requirements for Magical Realism and, at the same time, the Sublime. This fact leads one to believe that Magical Realism is, in fact, a genre of the Sublime instead of the Fantastic. The characteristics of Magical†¦show more content†¦Marquez also adds to the story the tale of the lady spider. The lady spider has the body of a tarantula and the head of a young girl. She was transformed to this state after sneaking out of her parents home to attend a dance. Witches, wizards, and spells are not used to transform her, simply lightning. The lady spide r takes away the old mans mobs of spectators leaving him more ordinary in that he is still around even after his fifteen minutes of fame are over. One characteristic of Sublime literature is the lack of boundaries. There is obviously no limitation of the imagination used in this short story, as a lady spider could not exist. This lack of boundaries is common to works of Magical Realism as well as the Sublime (Loginus). Another example of magic is the overabundance of crabs, an infestation one can accept easily enough. However, an infestation of crabs so severe the stench alone makes the infant very ill is much more nonrealistic. The use of a hyperbole, the infestation of crabs, is a characteristic common to Sublime literature (Loginus). Coincidentally, exaggeration is common in Magical Realism as well. The language used by Magical Realists such as Marqez contains a romantic quality. The world was sad since Tuesday (525) describes the mood of the people as not only sad, but extraordinarily sad and for a space of time as well. The elaborate use of language also conveys to the reader aShow MoreRelatedManagement Course: Mba−10 General Management215330 Words   |  862 Pageshave been overwhelmed by the frequency and magnitude of these economic groundswells. In today’s competitive climate, where the changes outside a business exceed the productive changes within a business, a company’s future viability is clearly under enormous stress. To maintain business growth and a sustained economy, it is essential for managers to understand and find solutions for these and other fundamental wide-ranging issues. The bursting of the high-tech bubble both in many start-up companies and

Comparison Of Romeo And Juliet - 719 Words

Romeo and Juliet Why the would not have been happy together Romeo and Juliet is a love story between and Capulet and a Montague. They fell in love and wanted to spend the rest of their life together. In the paragraphs below Romeo would do anything for Juliet but when she thinks she has the perfect plan to help them spend the rest of their life together doesn’t work things get crazy. After their plan backfires Romeo and Juliet both end of dead while there plan was to spend a happy life with each other. Juliet even offered to run away and leave the Capulet family to be with romeo because he got banished. Just think about if Romeo and Juliet would have lived and the plan that Juliet and the friar had planned actually worked. Do you†¦show more content†¦Why would Lord Capulet ever let Juliet spend the rest of her life with the boy who killed her cousin and a big part of the Capulet family. Lord Capulet said â€Å" Ill send to one in Mantua†. This means that since Romeo killed Tybalt that Lord Capulet was going to send an a ssassin into Mantua to kill Romeo. This is when juliet and the Friar came up with a plan to give Juillet sleeping medicine and when romeo got the letter he would come back and they would run away to Mantua Together but instead Romeos servant who keeps him updated on what is happening in the town and with Juliet tells Romeo that Juliet is dead. The last reason that Romeo and Juliet would not have been happy together would have been that Romeo is very immature. Romeo was crying because he thought he was going to get killed for killing Tybalt but they told him he would only be banished from the town. Romeo didnt mean to kill Tybalt and was crying when he killed him. Romeo. The prince said that each family has lost a loved one today but it was only fair for that Romeo to be banished from this land. The friar was hiding Romeo after he got banished and the nurse came to talk to him. The nurse said, â€Å"stand up, stand up, stand and you be a man†. While Romeo was crying he was thinking that Juliet would forget about him and not love him anymore and not want to be married anymore because he was banished and could not see each other. There are many reasons why Romeo and Juliet would not have have beenShow MoreRelatedRomeo And Juliet Comparison1210 Words   |  5 PagesWilliam Shakespeare s â€Å"Romeo and Juliet† have been remade countless of times, and each time in different ways. Most people are familiar with the tragedy of lovers known as Romeo and Juliet. Two interpretations of this story are the 2013 film by Carlo Carlei and the 2011 film by Kelly Asbury. The two movies have the same story line but are very different from each other. In the 2013 film known as Romeo and Juliet, the characters are the traditional version of the sonnet written from Shakespeare.Read MoreHamlet and Romeo and Juliet Comparison2564 Words   |  11 Pagesrepresent the relationships between sexuality, gender and power? (Using Hamlet and Romeo and Juliet) ’The course of true love never did run smooth’ - This is the answer indeed. As well as this we come to understand that with the roughness of love comes indifferent sexualities, gender conflicts and powered bravados that entwine themselves into one big mess to indeed create the established plays we read today. Romeo and Juliet and Hamlet very much represent the themes of sexuality, gender and power throughRead MoreRomeo And Juliet Comparison Essay1079 Words   |  5 PagesIn the movie â€Å"Romeo and Juliet† they show a lot more emotion. In the beginning of the original movie when the Capulet put his thumb to his mouth and told the Montague it wasnt toward them they understood and didnt get bothered. The reaction in the modern version is different than the original movie because they reacted by getting super upset. They were so upset that they start to scream which causes commotion. This helps to show us the difference between the two versions and how one shows w ay moreRead MoreComparison Of Ballet In Romeo And Juliet721 Words   |  3 PagesThe Reason I Breath Is Because Of You Romeo Juliet This essay is about compare and contrast a pair of star-cross’d lovers Romeo Juliet’s similarities and differences of Expressions dance company and Prokofiev’s Ballet, such as, character roles, different in era’s visual setting, aural environment and performance space. Both are telling the same story are set in different contexts and eras. The theme of Romeo Juliet, which was conveyed by the choreography, music, lighting and costumes. TheRead MoreRomeo and Juliet Movie Comparison2714 Words   |  11 PagesIn Franco Zeffirelli’s 1968 version of  Romeo and Juliet, is a traditional adaptation of Shakespeare’s original Romeo and Juliet, with some variations. Baz Luhrmann directed the 1996 version, also known as the MTV  Romeo †  Juliet.  This version is very modernized, but keeps the language intact with few changes. There are many differences between Zeffirelli’s  Romeo and Juliet  and the Signet version of  Romeo and Juliet.  Romeo’s entire speech that begins â€Å"Alas that love, whose view is muffled still, ShouldRead MoreA Comparison of Mercutio and Tybalt in Romeo and Juliet Essays1251 Words   |  6 PagesA Comparison of Mercutio and Tybalt in Romeo and Juliet For this assignment I intend to write and discuss the differences and similarities of two characters portrayed in the play Romeo and Juliet. As well as describing and analysing them I will also show how these characters are presented in two adaptations of films by two different directors Zeffirelli and Lurhmann. These two characters are Mercutio and Tybalt; both characters play an important role as they both affect Read MoreRomeo and Juliet - Juliet, Film-Play Comparison926 Words   |  4 PagesExplore the ways in which Romeo and Juliet are presented in this scene and elsewhere in Shakespeare’s play, and the performed versions. Shakespeare’s play ‘Romeo and Juliet’ is set in Verona. The feud between the Montague family and the Capulet family reaches a climax when Juliet’s cousin Tybalt, a Capulet, is killed by Romeo, a Montague. Romeo and Juliet are first seen as very different characters, but later in the play, we realise that these two characters are not as different as we thoughtRead MoreA Comparison of the Two Film Versions of Romeo and Juliet1789 Words   |  8 PagesA Comparison of the Two Film Versions of Romeo and Juliet I have been studying the prologue to Romeo and Juliet written by the magnificent playwright, William Shakespeare sometime between 1594 and 1596. Still globally acknowledgedRead MoreA Comparison of Two Versions of Romeo and Juliet Essays1989 Words   |  8 PagesA Comparison of Two Versions of Romeo and Juliet In this essay the opening sequences of the two versions of Shakespeares disastrous love story, Romeo and Juliet have been compared. TheRead MoreComparison of Two Film Versions of Romeo and Juliet Essay733 Words   |  3 PagesComparison of Two Film Versions of Romeo and Juliet Shakespeare’s play ‘Romeo and Juliet’ was made into a film by two different directors. Baz Luhrmann’s to Franco Zeffirelli’s interpretation of Romeo and Juliet were very distinct and they both appeal to different age group audiences. Franco Zeffirelli’s version was the first film of Romeo and Juliet. It was produced in 1968 and it was quiet typical, exactly what the audience would have expected the film of ‘Romeo

Business Ethics for Managers

Question: Discuss about theBusiness Ethics for Managers. Answer: Introduction Business ethics is very important in every organization as it will allow the enterprise to run smoothly, productively and become a success and a role model. The managers in any company are expected to act within the business ethics to become part of the organizations that are performing and setting out business standards in the industry. Agriculture is one of the sectors that require the managers to be very keen to act within the business ethics stated in the guidelines of the industry. The dairy industry in Australia is seen to be concentrated in the south-east of Australia. The large dairy herds in the country are family owned although the industry is being given a continued interest from the corporate players. In this study, the main focus is on the business ethics of managers, how they can be managed effectively and how these ethics help the agriculture sector. Ethical Issues Facing the Agricultural Sector Agriculture is one major industry in a country that is faced with a lot of ethical issues. In Australia, the dairy farming in the country has been seen to be in a state of crisis. There have been cases of cheap products and variations in the domestic and global markets taking the financial toll on the farmers in the sector. The consumers have been spotted rallying to help the dairy producers although the issue is only seen as one half of the problem in the sector. The outdoor farming has had an idyllic image in Australia. Despite this fact, there are as well several effects that are affecting the dairy cows in a negative manner. These dairy animals are being subjected to a recurring life cycle of impregnation and induced calving and milking so they can meet the production demands in the market (TrevinÃÅ'Æ’o Nelson, 2011). These animals have also been a subject to tail docking and horn removal without pa relief measures. There is also the issue of lameness that is in most occasio ns a result of the environmental pressures. According to research in the industry, cows are capable of living for between twenty to twenty-five years while the average lifespan experienced in only six to seven years. The bobby calves have also been abused leading to the advocacy groups uncovering their routine abuse in the Australian abattoirs challenging them to make a move on the case. The farmers are though not doing anything wrong because the treatment of the animals is operating within the legal context where they are considered absolute property. This is aside from the ethical issues raised over the use and exploitation of the animals (Mendes, Silva Santos, 2013). Sustainability Focus of the Agricultural Sector Just like any other department, the agricultural sector has acknowledged the need for a transition towards an ethical and sustainable alternative. The communities, the government and other regulators have recognized the fact that a cohesive approach of the entire industry is required to promote an effective and extended commitment to the sustainability, aligning efforts and continue to improve on their performances. The extended concern is expected to foster the support for the domestic and the international markets. The dairy industry has at last acknowledged the need to support the dairy sector from outside ensuring that the vision and plans are meeting their expectations. Considering that the dairy animals can have a long lifespan than the average six to seven years experienced, the industry has been looking forward to measures that would improve the health and productivity of these animals (Dowie, 2002). They have been aiming at creating regulations and guidelines that will allow the farmers to learn on the many ways that can be followed to give the dairy animals well maintenance, higher productivity and an extended lifespan. With this, they will be able to give the animals an extensive care, providing their cattle with a health valued nutritional products capable of contributing to the expected good community health outcomes (MeleÃÅ' , 2012). The farmers will also be educated on the measures to take to ensure that they will be offering their dairy animals with a healthy and safety life. Different bodies were developed to govern the activities in the agricultural sector and ensuring that all farmers were following these to the latter. There is the Australian dairy industry council, the Australian dairy products federation among others and also the dairy sustainability consultative forum that educated farmers of ethical measures in the industry (National Farmers' Federation, 2001) . Figure 1 below shows a feeding system towards the sustainability of dairy farming in Australia. Major Stakeholders in the Australian Agricultural Sector (Dairy Farm) The dairy industry in Australia is seen to be concentrated in the south-east of Australia. The large dairy herds in the country are family owned although the industry is being given a continued interest from the corporate players (Moran, 2012). There are major stakeholders in the industry including Warakiri asset management that is milking more than 7000 cows in firms in the south east of Australia. There is also the sustainable agriculture fund that at one time purchased the land in Tasmania where it is milking more than 3000 cows in the region. There are processing companies in the industry that are undergoing consolidation although there are other smaller companies that have found their ways into the market. One of them is the New Zealands A2 Corporation that declared its aspirations to expand their Australian operations. Also, the Aussie farmers are seen to expand the parent company considering its one of the fastest growing business (Sims, 2002). Managing Business Ethics More Effectively The Australian agricultural sector, the dairy farming is seen to be a business with a positive future investment. It is an industry that creates job opportunities for many people and thus calling for the need to manage the ethics in the sector more effectively to ensure it is sustainable in the market. The dairy farming is one of the sectors that make the country appear among one of the most important industries employing up to 40,000 employees. The industry has as well acknowledged the fact that it needs to engage in better job in issuing its credentials to attract much capital in the sector (Ferrell, 2010). The industry has been doing well and attracting more capital and has also been so successful. As such, it has been a major concern to manage the business ethics in the sector to make it more efficient and to allow it generates more revenue to the country. Among the different economic sectors in the Australian government, the dairy farming has been participating well in generatin g revenue to the economy of the country. It is for this reason that the major stakeholders have been acting towards the management of the ethical issues in the department to increase the sustainability and the performance of the same (Weiss, 2009). Figure 2 below shows the contributions made by agricultural sector. Managing Business Ethics and the Agricultural Sector The management of the business ethics in the Australian dairy farming has been seen to be associated with a lot of beneficial advantages in the sector. One can easily see that the poor treatment of the animals could have resulted in the low production and poor health of the diary animals. The management has helped improve the health of the cattle where the farmers started to treat them as important agricultural property. In as much as the farmers were having their cattle generate some income, it was evident that it was not the maximum production and something had to be done (Bailey, 2002). The intervention by the Australian government to formulate certain bodies to regulate the industry has been a greater move to increase the productivity in the sector. The more the industry grew in terms of the sales and the income generated, the more the countrys economy also improved as much capital in the industry resulted in more income to the government. The dairy animals also benefited from th e effective management of the ethics in the sector as they enjoyed better care and nutrition. The cows turned to have better health as compared to the time the farmers were not taking them as serious investment and before the intervention of the government through the formulation of the regulatory bodies (Edwards, 2000). Conclusion The managers in any company are expected to act within the business ethics to become part of the organizations that are performing and setting out business standards in the industry. Agriculture is one major industry in a country that is faced with a lot of ethical issues. In Australia, the dairy farming in the country has been seen to be in a state of crisis. According to research in the industry, cows are capable of living for between twenty to twenty-five years while the average lifespan experienced in only six to seven years. The study is as well associated with certain limitations. One is that it is a challenge to access the important information in the department as questions arise as to why and where the information will be used. The administrators in the industry are all concerned in protecting their businesses and their companies and as such, they might not give out important information needed in the research. References Bailey, J. (2002). Finding solutions for family succession. Australian Farm Journal, January, pp 71-73. Dowie, A. (2002). Jack Green - a legend in his lifetime. The Australian Dairyfarmer, January/February, pp. 15-17. Edwards, G. (2000). A tale of two states: deregulation of the dairy industry in NSW and Victoria, Contributed paper to AARES 2000, University of Sydney. Ferris, A. and Malcolm, Bill, 2001, Sense and Nonsense in Dairy Farm Management Economic Analysis. Agribusiness Perspectives,31.https://www.agribusiness.asn.au/review/Perspectives/99 National Farmers' Federation, (2001). Helping farmers grow Australia. NFF, Canberra. TrevinÃÅ'Æ’o, l. K., Nelson, K. A. (2011).Managing business ethics: straight talk about how to do it right. New York, John Wiley. Weiss, J. W. (2009).Business ethics: a stakeholders and issues management approach. Australia, South-Western Cengage Learning. Mendes, A. B., Silva, E., Santos, J. M. A. (2013).Efficiency measures in the agricultural sector with applications. Dordrecht, Springer Science + Business Media. https://public.eblib.com/choice/publicfullrecord.aspx?p=1083632. Sims, R. R. (2002).Teaching business ethics for effective learning. Westport, Conn, Quorum Books. MeleÃÅ' , D. (2012).Management ethics: placing ethics at the core of good management. Basingstoke, Hampshire [England], Palgrave Macmillan. Moran, J. (2012).Rearing young stock on tropical dairy farms in Asia. Collingwood, Vic, CSIRO Publishing. Ferrell. (2010).Business ethics: ethical decision making and cases : 2009 update. Mason, OH, South-Western Cengage Learning. Damodaran, A. (2012).Investment philosophies successful strategies and the investors who made them work. Hoboken, N.J., Wiley. https://catalogimages.wiley.com/images/db/jimages/9781118011515.jpg.

Refutation - Imposing A Rescue Fee Essays - , Term Papers

Refutation - Imposing A Rescue Fee Bridget King Basic Comp. Refutation Essay January 11, 2000 Sending Out an S.O.S On January 2nd, while I was perusing the Providence Journal I stumbled upon the editorial page. On the page was an article titled ? Imposing a Rescue Fee? which was written by an anonymous author. This person favored imposing a fee for people whom needed rescuing from life or death situations. While reading this article I became very upset. Although the author does have the right to his or her opinion there are several flaws presented. I strongly disagree with the idea of imposing a rescue fee. Imposing a rescue fee will damper many peoples adventure streaks. People will not want to participate in any recreational activities; risks will not be taken at all for fear of needing rescue. The rescue fee is simply an intimidation factor and if it is passed the natural curiosity of people will become extinct. Besides that, a fee can not be put upon a person's life. A person has the right to do what they please with their life, if they'd like to gamble with their life let them. The author stated ? the ease of using cell phones on which more hikers plead for help?. Well duh, isn't that the purpose a cell phone serves? The purpose of a cell phone is to be able to call for help during an emergency or sticky situation. The author also goes as far as to say ? hikers often can't make up their minds whether they really need to be rescued, or just want to hear a friendly voice? I don't think so, if you have been stranded on the peak of a mountain for three days without food or water, it is clearly a time to call for help. One major flaw presented in the article is the issue of money. Most of America is filled with average working ?Joe's? and they are not made of money. So the article not only imposes a ridicules idea but also discriminates against the financially challenged portion of society. By imposing the fee it is basically saying only the rich can be adventurous. Although I do not agree at all with the idea of imposing a rescue fee I also think the author had good intentions. The world in which we live must be safe to an extent but freedom is also very important. You only live once and you have to live life to the fullest and if that means jumping off a cliff with some cloth tied to your back, so be it.

Treatment of People in Chronicle Essay Example

Treatment of People in Chronicle Essay Example Treatment of People in Chronicle Paper Treatment of People in Chronicle Paper Essay Topic: Chronicle Of a Death foretold The novel Chronicle of a death foretold by Gabrià ©l Garcà ­a Marquà ©z revolves around the death of Santiago Nasar, who is purported to have taken the virginity of his murderers’ sister. The way this man is treated by his killers as well as the members of the town points toward a more general phenomenon of culture that dictates how various types of people are treated in different situations. According to the events of this novel, within the Colombian context, women are treated in specific ways, as are men. The way relatives treat each other is also noteworthy, as it regards the solidarity of familial bonds and the upholding of honor within a particular family circle. The situations, issues, and coincidences of this story can be found to rely upon the policies regarding the treatment of others that tacitly yet inexorably exist within the culture of this Colombian town. Santiago’s murder is allowed to occur because of a specific form of treatment that is accorded to him by all those who reside in the town. Santiago’s death could have been prevented, but because of the sentiments that existed toward him, he is allowed to face his attackers in ignorance and unprepared. The people in the town demonstrate a high level of complexity in their treatment of Santiago. On the one hand, several of them considered him astute and powerful enough to take care of himself. Garcà ­a Marquà ©z writes, â€Å"No one even wondered whether Santiago Nasar had been warned, because it seemed impossible to all that he hadnt† (1984, p. 22). As a rich man, it is also possible that they treated him with respect and considered him well informed and invulnerable to attack. Both Divina Flor and Victoria Guzman, for instance, are knowledgeable concerning the impending murder and also have the opportunity to warn Santiago of his plight. However, these two wome n eventually do nothing, out of a belief that Santiago has everything under control. On the other hand, the people of the town are also highly steeped in a culture that demands honor of all who reside in their society. The possibility that Santiago could have been guilty of taking the virginity of an upstanding female citizen places him in the position of tyrant. Murder as a form of retribution to such a man who would ruin the chances of a woman to marry well and to elevate her head in society may have been considered by all who knew as precisely what he deserved. This analysis appears to be more conducive to the facts. The author even places these words in the mouth of one character: â€Å"there were few of us who didnt know that the Vicario twins were waiting for Santiago Nasar to kill him† (Garcà ­a Marquà ©z, 1984, p. 67). This highlights the fact that everyone in the town knew exactly what would happen to Santiago, yet not one of them makes it known to him. Furthermore, the attempts made by some of them to alert Santiago appear to be half-hearted at bes t. Even Colonel Lazaro Aponte who takes the knives from the young men also act in a fashion intended to deter only the most indecisive and spineless murderers. In reality, the citizens of the town treat Santiago as a convicted rapist sentenced to death, and this is proven in that they all come out to witness the murder as though they gather for an execution. In the end, Santiago is treated like an outcast against whom all of society has a personal grievance. The events of the novel are deemed plausible because of the culture that prevailed within the society Garcà ­a Marquà ©z portrays. The events of the novel turn out the way they do because of a combination of ways in which women are regarded and treated. The twins Pedro and Pablo Vicario are incensed by the fact that someone has taken the virginity of their sister because of the importance placed upon the purity of women in that society. If a woman is somehow shown to be impure, her respectability, along with that of her whole family, vanishes. The women themselves are treated with disgrace- as is Angela when she is beaten and forced to leave the town. Indeed, she is a woman, and in such a culture â€Å"they’ve been raised to suffer† (Garcà ­a Marquà ©z, 1984, p. 34). Without this respectability, she is treated like an outcast and is left without any chance of being honored with the request of marriage. She therefore loses her ability to move upward in life and becom es an old maid who, being unable to provide for herself, becomes a burden to her family. This is the prospect that Angela Vicario faces, and the extent of the disgrace to which she as a woman is to be subjected is mirrored by the drastic nature of the act performed by her brothers in an attempt to defend her honor. The men of the story are treated in a manner that places major responsibilities upon their heads. The responsibility for defending the honor of the family rests squarely upon the shoulders of the men within a given household. Marquà ©z writes of the Vicario family: â€Å"The brothers were brought up to be men. The girls were brought up to be married† (Garcà ­a Marquà ©z, 1984, p. 34). Such men who conform to what society expects of them are treated with honor. This can be seen in the way that the twins are treated before and after their murder of Santiago. These men, who know the worth of honor in their town, determine to kill Santiago. Yet, despite the fact that a murder is about to be committed, the townspeople (who believe so strongly in the need for men to defend their family’s honor) do hardly anything to prevent the fateful event from taking place. Even Prudencia Cotes vows never to marry her fiancà © Pablo Vicario if he fails to go through with the plan that would regain his family’s honor. The community’s good treatment of men who defend family honor is also demonstrated by the feeble penalties granted the two youths for Santiago Nasar’s gruesome murder. They are given only three years in the local prison- a sentence that acknowledges the evil of murder, but which also lauds the defense of the honor that was the motive for the murder. The treatment of people within Gabrià ©l Garcà ­a Marquà ©z’s novel Chronicle of a death foretold shows the town to be occupied by citizens overcome by an old-fashioned tradition of valor, dignity and honor. The fact that Santiago may have been responsible for taking a woman’s virginity causes him to be effectively ostracized from society, so that the news known by all of his impending murder is kept from him- to his detriment. The good faith and support of the community for the Vicario twins also demonstrates that society’s treatment of men, of whom honor is expected, and to whom respect is accorded when they demonstrate themselves willing and able to defend family honor. The treatment of women in this society also demonstrates itself in the strict lifestyles to which they are forced to adhere and the extreme measures that must be taken whenever their actions (or those of another) cause them to stray. References Garcà ­a Marquà ©z, G. (1984). Chronicle of a death foretold. New York: Ballantine Books.

I tweet, therefore I am - Emphasis

I tweet, therefore I am I tweet, therefore I am Thinking about jumping onto this bandwagon. But where will it all end? So might read my inaugural tweet by definition: an answer to the question what are you doing? in 140 characters or fewer on the micro-blogging site Twitter. And bandwagon begets bandwagon: those not tweeting are bleating about tweeting. The public is being divided into for and against camps; and perhaps the real question posed is: is there anything left now that is considered not appropriate to write about? Twitter has seen some incredible successes in its young life. It is a popular medium for celebrities, who get to by-pass the media and connect directly with their fans. Barack Obamas presidential campaign succeeded in large part because he embraced such types of social media. He updated subscribers via the site, keeping them up-to-date on his public appearances and decisions. No doubt this was key in working himself and his message into the nations psyche, while reinforcing his image as a modern man of the people. The potential of Twitter from a marketing point of view is evidently enormous. And so it is working its way into schools and university curriculums. A recent book, by money-making strategist Joel Comm, teaches the ways of Twitter Power How to Dominate Your Market One Tweet at a Time. Supporters predict a day when users will be able to search the consciousness of the planet in real-time. With a mere 140 characters to work with, Twitterers have no choice but to be succinct; and we Emphasisers are all in favour of keeping it short and simple. Whats missing is content control. Granted, escape from Big Brother (in all its forms) is generally welcome. And of course people have the right to express themselves creatively. But were considering writing instructions for this exciting new toy. The Daily Mail is using the service to send out nuggets of news to those for whom newspapers are just too darn heavy. The BBC experimented with including Twitter updates in its coverage of the Mumbai terror attacks back in November 2008, in an apparent desire to be first with the news. This rather clumsy attempt to cover a fast-moving story with equally fast-moving technology caused a considerable backlash on their website, amid accusations of inaccuracy and lazy journalism. Sky news rather glibly (and arguably massively inappropriately) sent tweets out from the courtroom where Joseph Fritzl stood trial for his horrendous crimes against his own daughter. Of course, skill in writing has little or nothing to do with Twitter, barring perhaps the occasional impressive haiku. What does is the attitude that whether youve just survived a plane crash (see the Guardians article) or youve just sat down with a cup of Bovril, the immediate prevailing thought is to publish oneself. Faced with this unrelenting, unverified barrage of thought bubbles, will we all have to become active editors of our own (and everyone elses) lives? Or will we just be tweeting while Rome burns?

A recent major decision that was made in the United States Assignment

A recent major decision that was made in the United States - Assignment Example One of the assumptions was by the management of financial, mortgage and insurance institutions that the real estate prices would continue rising. According to Bianco (2008), after a decade long of continuous rise in property prices, lending institutions assumed that this would go on and disregarded the long known real estate price cycles. As a result, they continued lending to willing consumers majority of who are oblivious of such real estate price patterns. It is difficult to conceive how real estate and financial experts failed to project the burst in real estate prices, instead relaxing their lending requirements to take advantage of the price boom. Insurance institutions also bought into this assumption and thus insured such unsustainable investments. The second assumption is on the part of the government; driven by free market assumptions that competition and market forces would result in self-regulation, the government watched along as standards were relaxed in fierce competition to sell mortgages (Akif, 2011). The government failed in providing oversight and regulation which would have resulted in the lending institutions acting ethically and following sound financial projections. A number of explanations have been provided as to why the much experienced financial experts, who had witnessed real estate price cycles before, would assume the prices would not fall on this occasion. Bianco (2008) argues that unscrupulous and unethical behavior from financial institutions was behind the assumption. This is supported by the view that financial institutions loosened their standards, offering high risk and fraudulent mortgages. The author provides evidence of this by citing the statistics that fraud in mortgages had increased by 1411% between 1997 and 2005. On the part of the government, Akif (2011) ponders whether the assumptions were a result of naà ¯ve optimism that social utility would accompany self

Exam revision Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Exam revision - Assignment Example The best distribution channel strategy for a new toothpaste brand is a direct channel of producer – agent – customer. For a new product like a toothpaste in this case , all the 4 P’s of marketing, that is product, price, promotion and place have to be considered. A modification of the traditional producer, Producers, Wholesalers, Retailers which most consumer products like tooth pastes use. The producer appoints sales agents who go to the field and sell directly to the customers. As they do so, they are marketing the new product to the people since the product does not have many existing customers. This can also be aided by using internet facilities where the product information is stipulated. It is also important that effective communication in the website be enabled that so that there is constant feedback and response to the customers questions. Direct selling is important because there is a lot of competition from the existing market leaders e.g. unilever. The customers may also not trust the new product if for example it is just lying in the retailers store. Direct selling enables the agent to explain and convince the customer. This will secure the trust of the customers and cause market penetration of the toothpaste. In a bid to attract and retain customers to their brands, companies use marketing use all or a fraction of the marketing mix. They include advertising, personal selling, promotional selling, direct marketing and public relations. There a multiplicity of factors to consider before deciding on the strategy. Generally, to decide a communication mix for Barclays Bank and Levis jeans, the following should be considered:

Importance of Teamwork in Nursing Essay Example for Free

Importance of Teamwork in Nursing Essay Teamwork involves the merging of members of the same or different professions or domains to work towards a common goal. This group compliments the skills of each member who are consequently committed to one purpose. Teamwork is therefore challenging and at the same time rewarding. It is coupled with a lot of enthusiasm, hope and a share of its own setbacks. Teamwork is initially formed in any particular group with an aim of dividing the effort of accomplishing a particular task while at the same instance multiplying the effect. Any positive work experience usually has an aspect of teamwork in it. Nurses make up the largest care-provider in a hospital setting thus nursing is a job that requires a lot of teamwork. This involves a nurse to nurse or a nurse to physician teamwork. In most cases, the nursing workforce is neglected by the administration involved due to the anticipation of the patients’ recuperation and recovery, thus nurturing a form of autonomy among the workforce. This serves in downsizing the emphasis on teamwork and this happens at the very expense of the same patients. Service delivery is paramount in the field of nursing and teamwork is one of the core determiners of good service delivery. Teamwork among any group, on the other hand, is determined by various factors. These include openness, responsibility, honesty, accountability, reliability, dialogue and understanding. All this factors have to be put to consideration while putting together a coherent team. A slight disregard of any would see to the failure of the team to deliver as expected. Teamwork does come with its own set of challenges that inhibit the delivery of good service by the team. These mainly occur as a result of conflict among the members of the team which is in turn rooted on differences pertaining distribution of duty, sharing, priority and unnecessary competition. Poor handling of such issues often leads to the occurrence of many mistakes, mistrust among the team members, confusion, wastage of resources, lack of motivation, time wastage and lots of arguments that hold no water. More often than not, it is the patients who bear the yoke of such disagreements as the service rendered to them is henceforth substandard and this plunges their lives into jeopardy. Fallouts are common at this stage since the restructuring of these nursing teams would mean loss of time and complete loss of motivation among the team members. Precautions are therefore very necessary to avoid such grave situations as they do put the lives of others at stake. Adjustments should be made at the slightest sign of unrest among the team members. Sharing responsibility equally is usually the first major leap by any group. Matters pertaining age, seniority and level of experience should not be used to condescend against some members. On the contrary, the members should maximize on the potential that comes with these various facets of diversity and others like gender, socio-cultural and economic backgrounds. Put together, all this facets can give rise to a whole new of teamwork with a lot of diversity which would lead to the conception of new ideas. The approach of issues proactively rather than reactively is also a worthwhile measure to counter these challenges. Prevention has always worked better than cure and this is also the same convention with proactive action. The team members are charged with the task of ensuring that any prevailing or looming predicaments are brought to the light before they turn ugly and cause rifts within the team. This serves in ensuring that little or no time is lost in the process of solving problems. Letting the issues accrue and the procrastination of dealing with them ends up in the wastage of time and patients bearing the lion’s share of these problems due to the poor service delivery. Cultivating a culture of dialogue is another way of avoiding conflict in the course of teamwork. When a team embraces dialogue, prevalent issues are addressed and solved amicably. Positive criticism ensures that everyone can correct each other without any hard feelings. When criticism is directed towards a person positively, he or she is bound to make the amends wherever the error occurs. Gradual technological enhancement and restructuring the team every now and then is necessary in order to avoid monotony. This reignites the team with zeal thus ensuring a rise in quality service delivery. Clarity on the roles of each team member would also do some good. This would help in avoiding the confusion especially if the team has numerous members. Morale on the side of the administration would also improve the team’s service delivery. This could be done through the formation of some form of healthy inter-teams competitions that would see the appreciation of the team that is best at service delivery. Incentives can also be brought to the picture. This would actually ensure that the teams work hard to outdo each other and thus better their teamwork in this process. An improvement in the teamwork among the nurses would have some major effects in service to the patients. There would be definitely be an improved client-service delivery, improved relationships between team members and consequently with the administration. These healthcare institutions would also unveil a wider range of services due to the time efficient system. In conclusion, teamwork in nursing is sacrosanct since it is a profession that deals with lives of people. An improvement in service delivery therefore means that the clients are in safer hands. Reference: Institute for Innovation and Improvement, (March, 2007): Developing and sustaining effective teams. ISBN 9781904114482, Royal College of Nursing, Retrieved on 3rd April 2009 from: http://www. rcn. org. uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0003/78735/003115. pdf,

Othellos Flaw in Shakespeares The Tragedy of Othello Essays -- Paper

Othello's Flaw in Shakespeare's The Tragedy of Othello In Shakespeare?s play Othello, Othello himself is the tragic hero. He is an individual of high stature who is destroyed by his surroundings, his own actions, and his fate. His destruction is essentially precipitated by his own actions, as well as by the actions of the characters surrounding him. The tragedy of Othello is not a fault of a single person, but is rather the consequence of a wide range of feelings, judgments, misjudgments, and attempts for personal justification revealed by the characters. Othello is first shown as a hero of war and a man of great pride and courage. As the play continues, his character begins to deteriorate and become less noble. Throughout the play, Othello?s character changes from a flawless military leader, to a murderer. He has certain traits which make him seem naive and unsophisticated compared to many other people. Iago knows Othello is a proud man, Othello?s open and trusting nature in the beginning of the play lets Iago, whom is cunning, untrustworthy, selfish, and plotting, use him as a scapegoat. Othello, the Moor, as many call him, is a strong character. He is very proud and in control of every move throughout the play. The control is not only of power but also of the sense of his being, who he is, a great warrior. In Act I, Othello has a fight with Brabantio, who has come to kill him, but before anything could happen, Othello said: "Hold your hands, both of you of my inclining and the rest. Were it my cue to fight, I should have known it without a prompter" (I, ii, lines 97-100). The power shown here is quite surprising. The nature of Othello's character is of a dark man. Not only because he is black, but also because he... ...hat's a fable If that thou be'st a devil, I cannot kill thee? (V, II, Lines 333-334) He couldn't handle the anguish of knowing he had murdered in jealousy rather for justice. He carried out his sentence, by taking a knife and stabbing himself. He then said: "I kissed thee ere I killed thee. No way but this, Killing myself, to die upon a kiss" (V, ii, line 413-414). Othello was jealous. He thought his wife was cheating on him and he thought he was killing for justice. He said that he loved not wisely but too well. It was not very smart of him to believe another man about something he should know more about. This is why I think of Othello as a tragic hero in this play. His character was brought to light of a horrible situation by a deceitful devil named Iago. Bibliography: Shakespeare, William. Othello. Ed. Alfred Harbab. Middlesex, England: Penguin, 1970.

Job Redesign and Workplace Rewards Assessment Essay

Companies face monstrous difficulties in pulling in and holding an excellent and profitable workforce. Organizations are persistently searching for better approaches to keep their representatives fulfilled at all levels to bridle more noteworthy benefit and plans from individuals while keeping them spurred and euphoric. One true test inspected prior is the need to convert General Motors to be a considerably more beneficial and completely used association by examining the hourly workforce. This is an incredible change from the conventional â€Å"us versus them† mindset of the past between administration and the union. A few departments are connected to Job Redesign and Workplace Rewards Assessment. Among these offices is the human resource department. The position’s present significant parts, tasks, or responsibilities Human Resource Department (or HRD for short) includes the anticipating, advancement and administration of human assets. Human Resources Planning Human Resource Planning incorporates the estimation of staff numbers, classes, information, abilities and mentality of faculty obliged both in the prompt and long haul future; the allotment of assets to prepare and pay these staff; the correspondence of this data to mentors and chiefs. It likewise incorporates human assets approach, â€Å"where policy alludes to  explanations made by significant powers planned to guide the designation of assets and exertion†. (Moorman & Pick, undated: 10) HR Planning is basically concerned with future and long haul requirements for faculty, and guaranteeing that these match future wellbeing administration needs. HR Planning is typically completed at national and common levels. Some positions, for example, asset distribution and the determination of the prerequisites for master wellbeing administrations can be fairly carried out just at the focal level of an association or framework (Green, 1992). Notwithstanding, the more an administration is decentralized, the more provincial and locale chiefs may be required to do HR Planning. HR Planning has two fundamental steps: (a) Estimations of supply (or what we have) (b) Estimations of necessities (or what we require). These two steps ought to incorporate both quantitative and qualitative appraisals, and estimations of the abilities obliged and the benefit of present and anticipated personnel. There are diverse systems for assessing supply and prerequisites, for example, the needs-based and administration targets routines. Aptitudes and profit may be measured by techniques, for example, preparing needs evaluation, errand examination and employment outline, nursing workload study, execution assessment, supervision. Human Resources Training and Development Human Resource Training and Development incorporates all parts of the training and preparing of wellbeing work force (both essential and post-fundamental) to meet the prerequisites of the framework. In the writing it is regularly called human asset creation, which is a marginally dehumanizing term, which is really intended to situated it separated from the wide term of human asset improvement. Human Resource Management Human Resource Management (HRM) incorporates the work, maintenance and substitution, backing and advancement of staff. It assumes a urgent part in deciding the profit, and along these lines the scope of the wellbeing administrations framework. Anyone in charge of the administration of individuals in an organization is dependable somehow for HR Management. On the other hand, in bigger, more complex organization, a lot of HR Management will be done by a particular work force division. The Human Resource Department in outline manages the accompanying undertakings Recruitment The achievement of recruiters and vocation pros generally is measured by the amount of positions they fill and the time it takes to fill those positions. Recruiters who work in-house – instead of organizations that give selecting and staffing administrations – assume a key part in creating the boss’ workforce. They publicize job postings, source hopefuls, screen petitioners, and conduct preparatory interviews and direction contracting endeavors with supervisors in charge of making the last choice of applicants. Safety Working environment safety is a paramount element. Under the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970, bosses have a commitment to give a safe working environment to employees. One of the fundamental capacities of HR is to help work environment safety preparing and keep up governmentally ordered logs for working environment damage and casualty reporting. Also, HR safety and risk experts frequently work nearly with HR benefits pros to deal with the organization’s workers payment issues. Employee Relations In an unionized nature, the employee and work relations capacities of HR may  be joined and handled by a specialist or be totally separate capacities oversaw by two HR pros with particular skill in every territory. Employee relations is the HR discipline concerned with fortifying the executive employee relationship through measuring job satisfaction, employee engagement and determining work environment clash. Work relations capacities may incorporate creating administration reaction to union sorting out battles, arranging aggregate dealing understandings and rendering translations of labor party contract issues. Compensation and Benefits Like employee and work relations, the recompense and benefits capacities of HR frequently could be taken care of by one HR specialist with double ability. On the payment side, the HR capacities incorporate setting recompense structures and assessing aggressive pay practices. A comp and benefits specialist additionally may arrange group wellbeing scope rates with back up plans and direction exercises with the retirement funds reserve manager. Payroll might be a segment of the recompense and benefits area of HR; in any case, much of the time, businesses outsource such regulatory capacities as payroll. Compliance Compliance with work and vocation laws is a vital HR capacity. Rebelliousness can bring about working environment grievances focused around unfair employment practices, perilous working conditions and general dissatisfaction with working conditions that can influence productivity and eventually, profitability. HR staff must be mindful of government and state business laws, for example, Title VII of the Civil Rights Act, the Fair Labor Standards Act, the National Labor Relations Act and numerous different tenets and regulations. Training and Development Bosses give employees the essential tools for their prosperity which, by and  large, means giving new employees broad introduction training to help them move into another organizational culture. Numerous HR offices additionally give initiative training and expert improvement. Initiative training may be needed of recently contracted and advertised chiefs and administrators on areas, for example, execution administration and how to handle employee relations matters at the division level. Proficient advancement open doors are for employees searching for special open doors or employees who need to accomplish particular objectives, for example, completing a higher education. Projects, for example, educational cost support and educational cost repayment programs regularly are inside the domain of the HR training and advancement zone. Does the position develop a feeling of intrinsic motivation? Intrinsic and extrinsic sorts of motivation have been generally examined and the understanding of each has prompted extraordinary changes in how organizations run their organizations. It is clear that hourly employees have numerous extraordinary extrinsic inspirations however need intrinsic motivation in their job assignments which is a normal for our work culture. Changing the culture is one of the keys to enhancing motivation at that level of the organization in light of the fact that the best motivation happens when employees perform on the grounds that they need to and not on account of they are, no doubt made to do so. There are numerous sorts of motivation strategies that one can utilize when spurring compensation and to a lesser degree hourly employees. Elements, for example, solid communication, added obligation, accomplishment, recognition and progression are all variables that can persuade employees. Because of the union environment it is hard to spur hourly employees but what dependably works well is giving recognition. Mostly that is carried out by simply thanking employees for making an exceptional showing or providing for them gift testaments to a store or restaurant for a job well done. Current company-wide rewards and their effectiveness towards a motivating behavior The company has depended on exploration discoveries that when you utilize remunerates and disciplines as extrinsic sparks, you have a tendency to get just transient motivation, and short-lived results. On the other hand, when you under-stand the psychological standards that fuel motivation and discover approaches to connect them to your business goals, you can get individuals to much larger amounts of performance than you awhile ago thought possible – and you can manage this superior performance over the long haul. Exploration finds that what makes individuals exceptionally energetic in their work is not the same as what makes them simply fulfilled by their job conditions. It understands the psychological standards of intrinsic motivation are the way to building a culture of full duty. It therefore gives sufficient pay, great benefits, appealing surroundings, a charming manager, and so on, which wind up with fulfilled workers. It additionally gives obligation, recognition, inclusion, and test, and this takes their employees past their minor satisfaction and moves them to more elevated amounts of performance. Goal setting and the effectiveness of the goal system Goal setting with regard to HR position is chiefly used to quicken entrance into developing markets, enhance item quality and realize cost efficiencies The sorts of goals set contain mostly of those that are adapted towards expanded job satisfaction and productivity. This is carried out by considering the expenses and the risks involved. In spite of the ubiquity of goal setting, there is urging proof that paying little mind to great propositions and exertion, individuals and organizations reliably miss the mark regarding accomplishing their goals. As a rule, the issue is credited to the goal setter. Anyway the true issue may be in the adequacy of goal setting itself. In the early 2000’s, General  Motors for instance had set a goal to catch 29% of the American auto market. They even created corporate pins for individuals to wear with the number 29 on them. Doubtlessly they never accomplished that goal, and without a legislature bailout, might not have even survived. References 1. Cameron, Kim S. and Quinn, Robert E. (1999) Diagnosing and Changing Organizational Culture. New York: Addison-Wesley 2. Liker, Jeffrey M. (2004) The Toyota Way: 14 Management Principles From the World’s Greatest Manufacturer. New York: McGraw-Hill 3. O’Reilly, Charles A., III and Pfeffer, Jeffrey (2000) Hidden Value. Harvard Business School Press

School Uniforms Debate

The utilization of school uniforms is a subject of sizzling debate among parents and school authorities since long. Some dispute the advantages of school uniforms, while others consider that the shortcomings are far more abundant. In our contemporary world, children have become much more conscious of their clothes and appearance. This basically echoes our contemporary ideals and the concentration of adults in garments. Kids can, nonetheless, without some of the reasonable influences that come with age and understanding, become much more fanatical with clothes and latest fashion trends.Children who come to school in old-fashioned attire can be mocked at, become a laughing stock or even tormented. The expense of those clothing and clashes connected with them leads many schools and parents to review the school uniform. Parents' Stance Few countries, on the other hand, are starting to overturn the decline in uniform usage. While schools in other countries are starting to pioneer uniforms for the first time. This is very contradictory topic, as elder students normally condemn the concept of uniform.Some parents also see an obligatory uniform as pushy and a violation of their fundamental liberty. Students' Stance Many students believe they lose their individuality when it is mandatory for everyone to wear the same clothing to schools. Others think a school uniform brings equality amongst students. Many teachers and school authorities consider a school uniform or a uniform dress code as a way to inculcate a sense of regulation in the classes as well as an environment of education and learning. So, what is your stance regarding the uniform debate?Here are some pros and cons to help get you started! Reasons in Favor of Wearing School Uniforms It takes away the feeling of envy between peers. It helps decrease obedience trouble. A uniform assists the students achieve academically better. Students focus more on their education rather than on deciding what to wear. Besides eliminating distraction, uniforms force students to take school atmosphere more critically. Kids tend to be misapprehended and mocked by peers due to the type of garments they might wear. Consequently, uniforms decrease social clashes and violence in the schools.One of the most insightful advantages of having schools uniforms is that they are extremely cost effectual and alleviate the parents from the trouble of purchasing trendy and costly garments frequently. Reasons Against Wearing School Uniforms It subtracts students' liberty to take decisions. It doesn't let students feel distinctive and unique. School uniforms hinder the need for the self expression of a kid. Sociologists claim that it may cause unsuitable ways of expression by kids, such as offensive usage of makeup and jewelry.Uniforms take away children's identity. The pressure on a uniform dress code in school counters the spirit of unity in diversity and its merriment. It is even believed to confine socialization, an imp erative feature of human nature. In contrast to civil dress, school uniforms prove to be ineffectual and futile once the kid is out of school. Another bad consequence of school uniform is that it denies the children the ease, which one feels on wearing different kinds of garments, as per personal preference.This uneasiness might unfavorably reflect upon the academic performance of the kid. Do uniforms breach liberty of expression prospects? We believe that this dispute is quite frail. Students are liberated to dress as they and their parents decide during extracurricular hours. They also need to understand that dress codes and uniforms are an authenticity of a place of work in the grown-up world including in professional offices, delivery services, and retail and food stores, administration offices and so on.Since many years parents, teachers, school authorities, and students have squabbled over the pros, cons, and advantages of school uniform policies. A socially connected pro is t hat it places everyone on a rank ground in connection to socioeconomic grade. When kids get their preference of school clothing based on how much wealth their parents make, it causes self-esteem concerns. If all kids have to wear the identical outfit in school then it's not as evident as to whose family can have enough money to afford Mango and who can only pay for cheap stuff from Wal-Mart.

buy custom Hotel Industries essay

buy custom Hotel Industries essay Introduction Hotel industries are among the private sectors which thrive during global recessions. A complete hotel industry includes hotels, restaurants, resorts, and pubs. Hotel industry is growing very fast at the global level. Thus, for hotels such as the Hill to achieve its vision, there is a need for better management principles which would enhance service delivery. Co-operation in the work place among the staff members presents a good image to the customers. Each of them has to take the overall responsibility in managing both the cost and revenue elements of a companys income statement commonly referred to as profit and loss responsibility. In Mills Hotels Leisure Center, the executive manager, who is also the General Manager, is the one who is responsible for the overall operation of a hotel. The manager holds ultimate power over the hotel operations. Common duties of a General Manager include hiring and management of a management team, overall management of hotel staff and financial management, creating and enforcing business visions and missions, managing projects, management of emergencies and other major issues such as, public relations including other additional duties. One of the reasons why the case study failed to succeed was due to the attitude that the operations manager had towards her work. We are told that, Penny Frobisher hates the first Monday in the month. That is the day of the monthly management meeting and the day on which the accountant goes through the previous months trading accounts. Penny hates the monthly accounts. Mainly she hates them because she doesnt understand them. After all as operations manager of the hotel and restaurant she is supposed to run the business and make sure it meets the targets set by Ahmed Moshan, the marketing manager. She is also supposed to do this within the budgets set by the (new) management accountant, Mark Ainsley. There is no way this business with an operational manager having such altitude would succeed. "Is there enough value in having such an operational manager? I think there is enough evidence that Penny, the operational manager was very ignorant in whatever was happening in the business. She was only interested in fulfilling what her marketing and accountant manager were up to. Though she was very hand working there is no way that the business would succeed with her pride. She was after promotion and therefore worked in every department in order to appear a hand working lady and get a promotion. Therefore, it is very clear that her promotion would lead to lack of fulfillment of the case study since there was no good management of the accounts. We ar told that no-one has ever explained the accounts to her and how her efforts affect them, so she hates the accounts and she hates the first Monday in the month. Though the idea to sell hen weekends to the brides was very much successful at first there was lack of facilities for more spa oriented that brought a lot of disappointment and therefore it was definite that the case study would not be fulfilled. Though Rosemary decided to suggest to her working mates the extension of facilities to involve a beauty room as well as a spa, she made this effort there was no way the idea would be adopted so as to fulfill the case study .The company also made a mistake asking for a lot of funds from the bank to improve the programme of the capital building .The huge amount of money borrowed would not allow the company to fulfill the case study. This was quite a lot of money that would not give the business a chance to raise enough capital in order to fulfill the case study. The presence of the External effects such as foot and mouth effect on the lodge as it is in a local area and trade of holiday is influenced by these typical incidents but the one who owned had not expected anything but great future success that was based on their very first few years in commerce. This big problem together the problem between managers could never allow the case3 to succeed. Ahmed had ever complained that their business could not tolerate with his initiatives for marketing and Pennys team had problems to cope with the current range of customer anticipations that the diversifying business comes up with. We are also told that the hotel lacked qualified accountant bookkeeping and other related administrative records were done by people who were not professionals on that area - a trained bookkeeper, Charlotte Evans with some help from one of the office staff. There is no way there would be success with such organization of the employees. Marks arrival has been come up with mixed feelings. There were fears that he would simply raise the amount of paperwork that was needed, and generated, and this shows how much workers would not work well leading to lack of fulfillment of case study .The concern that he was up to begin to set limits to the employee on what his team could and could not do, so reducing their independence. As it always happen, the success of the hotel was therefore under great threat. Though this, the fears have not been noted although the management meeting expected failure of the case study (based on figures that went round to all managers during that period of time). The rejection by Penny that she is not the only one person who had less idea of what the figures really meant could not take the company far. The fact that Penny was only interested in promotion was also a cause of failure of case study. We are told that she felt sure that as far as the rooms is full she will be in a big position to becom e developed to general manager in time. At the last management meeting there was a bit of a bombshell. The bank has asked for a thorough review of the companys trading activities before it can sanction any further support for the overdraft activity. It is concerned that the overdraft has been increasing steadily over the last few years and, despite the companys increased sales, the bank manager wants reassurance that the company is not out of control. The immediate response from several members of the team is that this is unwarranted interference in the running of the business but Rosemary has taken a view that this is a positive opportunity for them to look at what they are doing and see if there is a better way of working. She has asked Penny, Ahmed and Mark to form a business review team to go through all aspects of the companys operation to reassure the bank. Pennys heart sank. That meant she would have to admit that she really doesnt understand the monthly accounts, however she thinks she is not alone. The Mills company needs to increase its leisure activities as this has now become the biggest request by the customers. Therefore there is need for the company to install facilities countrywide within the UK to reach out to their customers. Strategies to satisfy the customer demand needs to be incorporated by developing leisure centers, coffee shops, full gyms and indoor swimming pools, Jacuzzi and steam rooms. The leisure centers would be designed to share the reception area within the hotel. The operation of the leisure centers will be open to all its residents and the center members with their guests. Recommendation One of the reasons why the case study failed to respond was due to presence of unqualified employees in that business. Book keeping and record keeping was done by personnels who were not qualified and that definitely brought the failure of response of the case study. Businesses should also take caution to avoid employees that are proud-if the operating director was not proud, the business would obviously have a smooth running. Conclusion The hotel did not respond to case study after the duration of the four years due to problems in management. The operating manger was not destined to achievement of goals of the company. She was only interested in her promotion in the job. Businesses should therefore take caution of such employees. Buy custom Hotel Industries essay

How to stay focused at work during the holidays

How to stay focused at work during the holidays Every year, as the weather gets colder and holiday shopping ads start appearing on TV (though admittedly those start showing up around Labor Day now), even the most diligent and focused employees find their attention wandering a bit. There’s a lot going on- travel plans, potluck food appearing like magic in the office, everyone feeling a little more festive and social- and the daily grind can get lost in all of that. So how do you keep on top of your actual job, despite holiday disruptions? Be prepared to shut out distractions.This doesn’t mean you have to hunch over your desk like Ebenezer Scrooge, frowning disapprovingly at your cheerful slacker colleagues. It just means finding ways to keep your own attention focused on the daily tasks you need to accomplish. For some, that means wearing noise-canceling headphones while working on a project or setting blocks of â€Å"head down† time where you don’t allow yourself to be distracted by things like online s hopping, social media, or extracurricular conversations with coworkers. It’s time to be honest with yourself and figure out what works best at keeping you on-task. If that means setting calendar reminders for everything, do it. If it involves using an app to keep you from wandering to particular distracting websites, go for it.Try to avoid multitasking, because that can lead to†¦flexible attention span. If you’re giving all of your effort to a particular task, you’re more likely to get it done. Even if you’re usually an A+ multitasker, try to limit the number of things you’re doing at once.Lean in to (some of) the distractions.This may seem counterintuitive to #1, but it’s also important to embrace the non-work stuff as part of your day. It’s far more realistic to plan for small bursts of non-work activity than to think you’ll be able to shut it out completely. Be sure to schedule some breaks when you can check those fligh t prices or stop and grab a cookie with a colleague. If you start making the down time part of your workday (in small chunks), it’ll be easier to move from â€Å"holiday mode† back to â€Å"work beast mode.† Moderation is key here- it’s not an â€Å"hour of work, hour of goofing off† proposition. Think of it as more like a standard coffee break, but instead you’re taking a few minutes to check out your Facebook friends’ pets in various holiday sweaters.Come up with a â€Å"rest of year† plan.Chances are, your workload has a combination of things that will need to be accomplished either now or in the near future, and things that can reasonably wait until January. It’s time to sit down and make a comprehensive list of must-dos, should-dos, and can-do-laters. Your to-do list should be realistic and have milestones/deadlines included wherever possible so that you can plan your time. If you need to, talk through your end of y ear priorities with your boss to make sure you’re hitting everything you need to do before everyone checks out. This has the added benefit of showing your boss how organized and driven you are, even as everyone else might already be starting to slip a little.While you’re making the list, also make note of what you’ll need from other people. This time of year people can be in and out of the office, so if there’s something important that you’ll need from Andy by mid-December, start thinking (and talking) about it now in case Andy’s planning on taking time off. If you’ve waited until the last minute and then you’re faced with Andy’s â€Å"Bye, see you next year!† Out of Office message, it’s too late.Reset your work-life boundaries.Setting a clear line between your work day and your personal time can help you stay focused at work if you know you can get all the fun stuff or personal logistics accomplished later . If you’re usually a â€Å"stay late† kind of person, start leaving at a set time every day. If you’re usually a â€Å"wander in a little late in the morning† kind of person, start putting in extra effort to get to work on time. And whenever possible, you should avoid taking work home- instead, set a realistic workload and to-do list for the official workday. That way, family/friend/personal time gets its own spotlight in your day, separate from work, and you’ll feel less inclined to â€Å"catch up† on the outside stuff while you’re at work.Don’t forget to take care of yourself.The time leading up to the holidays can often take a physical toll as well, if you’re indulging in special food, more drinks than usual, and/or later bedtimes to account for social activities. All of those can set you up for failure at work and make you feel lousy, so try to set up some extra healthy habits to compensate this time of year.Take sh ort walks and exercise breaks instead of coffee breaks.Stay hydrated (and not with egg nog).Practice some desk yoga.Aim for half an hour more sleep.Bring a healthy lunch so you can sneak in some extra calories later.These can all help you feel better during the workday and more ready to devote your time and mental sharpness to accomplishing what needs to be done.No matter what the distractions are between Thanksgiving and the New Year, staying organized is not a lost cause. It’s all about being realistic and developing some extra coping mechanisms to defeat those â€Å"it’s the holidays, woo!† impulses and stay productive. Fully embrace the good cheer of the season- just make sure it’s on your to-do list, next to all the other things you want to get done.

International commercial law coursework Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 7500 words

International commercial law coursework - Essay Example prohibits quantitative restrictions through the imposition of quota by any contracting party, and this principle is considered to be the cornerstone of the GATT system.1 Brazil has claimed that the quota restriction has been imposed on the ground that the solar plates emit radiation, and so, presumably the restriction has been taken as a measure to protect public health and environment. As per Article XX (b) of GATT 1994, Member states have the right take such measures necessary to protect human, animal or plant life or health, provided that such measures are not arbitrary or a disguised restriction on international trade, and relate to all obligations under GATT 1994 including Article XI paragraph 1 thereof.2 Consequently, Brazil’s imposition of quota restrictions on import of solar plates would be inconsistent with WTO law unless Brazil can demonstrate that the measure is covered by Article XX of GATT 1994. Brazil cannot place reliance on Article XX of GATT, 1994 to defend t he quota restriction placed on the import of solar plates for the following reasons: a). Requirement of scientific evidence and risk assessment: In order to claim the exception under Article XX of GATT 1994, there should be sufficient scientific evidence to conclude that there exists a risk for human life or health and that the measures taken by the particular Member State are necessary in relation to the objectives pursued.3 The elaborate rules for application of the provisions of Article XX of GATT 1994, including Article XX (b) thereof, are codified under the Agreement on Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (â€Å"SPS Agreement†).4 As per the SPS Agreement any measure designed to protect human, plant or animal health, should be based on scientific principles and should not be applied without sufficient scientific evidence.5 The SPS Agreement also requires Member States to ensure that any such measures are based on an assessment of the risks to human, plant or animal life, employing proper

Health care trend article summary Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Health care trend article summary - Assignment Example serve an essential purpose in patient education as it presents to them an in depth understanding of their problems along with the guidelines that are required to be followed by them with regard to medications as well as other important instructions that need to be followed after they are discharged from the hospital. This can serve an important function by creating awareness amongst the patients and preventing them from wrong conceptions about their condition and thus they prevent mishaps. They are widely used in the hospitals in America and it is stated that around 3000 hospitals employ this form of patient education. The availability of these care notes in different languages has proven to be of assistance to eighty percent of the patients who do not have command over English. Thus the accessibility of Care Notes in many languages, that a person can understand easily, can serve as an important step in health care and prove to be beneficial for the patients. It has served as a step to improving the quality of health services provided by the hospitals. It has not only proven beneficial for the patients but for the medical staff as well because they can convey their message in a more precise and clear manner. Thomson Reuters. Thomson Reuters Expands CareNotes ® Patient Education System To Support 15 Languages. Retrieved from:

Marks and Spencer and Global Environmental Factors Essay

Marks and Spencer and Global Environmental Factors - Essay Example Marks and Spencer is a highly successful giant operating in the UK retail sector. The success of the organization has been due to its clear mission statement and vision. It has managed to become a powerful and vibrant brand in the UK for the past one hundred years. A diverse product line enables the organization to achieve efficiency and effectiveness. It has premium products that cater to the unique requirements of various segments. Marks and Spencer pursues a dynamic business strategy in which its tries to give the consumer a sense of attachment and feeling with specific brands. This is a highly successful strategy that has enabled excellence and quality at operational and strategic levels. Marketing operations of the organization is also based upon applying smart and prudent strategies. Marks and Spencer conducts an extensive research and appraisal of the business environment. It determines clear and precise goals based upon its strengths and weaknesses. Appropriate business strat egies are formulated in order to take advantage of business opportunities. The organization seeks to use its core competencies.The rapid rise of globalization has created tremendous opportunities for business organizations. However it has led to significant challenges for business processes and structures. In the twenty first century, marketing staff cannot ignore the importance of global environmental factors. These factors need to be studied and analyzed in order to achieve optimum results.

Contributions of systemic ideas to psychological therapeutic practice

Contributions of systemic ideas to psychological therapeutic practice The systemic approach is essentially a contextual approach to therapy. That is it views the presence of illness or dysfunction as being located within the family system rather than in one of its individual members (Asen, 2002). Practitioners use the term systemic rather than family therapy, because being at the receiving end of family therapy can have strong connotations of blame (Asen, 2002). Systemic ideas have led to major contributions to modern day psychological therapeutic practice, for example, the premise that multi-systems account for the problem and not just the individual experiencing difficulties, a commitment to positive connotation and a non-blaming approach. Several different versions of systemic therapy have emerged over the years. It began with the initial concept of systems theory and cybernetics being applied to the study, and subsequently the treatment of families (Dallos Urry, 1999). In the 1950s Bateson and his colleagues studied the patterns of transaction and communication in individuals with schizophrenia. The group hypothesised that the family of the patient was forming his or her thought processes through the peculiar communication requirements imposed (Bateson et al, 1956). The family was seen as a system with homeostatic tendencies. Family members were considered as various parts of this system and seen as behaving according to a set of explicit and implicit rules that determine interpersonal behaviours and communications (Watzlawick et al; 1967). Systemic therapy developed on this view of the family as a system. It aimed to challenge and disrupt unhelpful interaction patterns and dysfunctional communications, subsequently , allowing new ways of communicating to emerge (Asen, 2002). In fact therapy based on systems theory presented itself as a radical breakthrough in the treatment of mental illness. The prevailing models of therapy at the time considered pathology as predominantly residing in the individual experiencing difficulties. With the introduction of systems theories, it came to be seen in terms of characteristics of the family system. Thus it presented an extremely diverse view of many conditions, such as depression anorexia, schizophrenia, phobias and anxieties. Dallos Urry, (1999), provide the example of a child displaying a school phobia. Systemic ideas suggest that the child might be carrying conflicts on behalf of others in the family. The childs symptoms are seen as functional; possible functions could be to ensure a role for an otherwise isolated and lonely mother, to keep a disengaged father involved, and to distract attention from unresolved conflicts in the marriage (Dallos Urry, 1999 p.165). Importantly, this implied that individual treatme nts might not only be ineffective but could actually exacerbate the problem. To just treat the child in the above example, could serve to reinforce the erroneous view that the problem was residing in the child rather than tackling the causes, which could lie within the family system. It was this breakthrough of seeing the illness not solely as residing in the individual but in the persons family system that could indeed be regarded as one of systemic therapys greatest contributions to psychological therapeutic practice. Thus therapists began to examine the patterns within systems or the family surrounding the individual experiencing difficulties. This first wave of the application of systemic ideas became known as first-order cybernetics (Dallos Urry, 1999) and are briefly outlined below. FIRST-ORDER CYBERNETICS Structural approach Initially Minuchin and colleagues, (1974), proposed the structural approach. This approach assumes a normative family model, claiming families function particularly well when certain family structures prevail (Asen, 2002). Normative families were seen as those with embedded structures, such as hierarchies between generations within a family. It was considered important that these structures had semi-permeable boundaries permitting a sufficient flow of information up and down between hierarchies (Asen, 2002). The aim of structural family therapy is to make a particular family structure approximate the typical (normative) model. Challenging directly absent or rigid boundaries, unbalancing the equilibrium by temporarily joining with one family member against the others, or setting homework tasks designed to restore hierarchies, are some techniques used within a structural approach (Asen, 2002). As mentioned above seeing the problems as residing in the family system rather than the indiv idual was the ground-breaking and somewhat revolutionary at the time and a major contribution to psychological therapeutic practice. Strategic systemic therapy Strategic systemic therapy, is founded on the hypothesis that the symptom is being maintained by behaviours that seek to suppress it (Haley, 1963; Watzlawick et al, 1974). Asen (2002) provides the example of a woman with depression and low self-esteem which may elicit her partners over-protectiveness, a solution that maintains the presenting problem. A strategic therapist may re-frame the problem. For example, suggesting that the womans depression is an unselfish act designed to protect her partner from his own problems. The therapist may then prescribe a ritual whereby for a week on uneven days, the partner needs to experiment with discussing his own concerns (Asen, 2002). It is argued, by strategic therapists that once some changes are achieved in relation to the presenting symptom, a domino effect sets in affecting other interactions and behaviours in the whole family system. (Asen, 2002). The pervading problem is put into a different meaning-frame that provides new perspectives a nd therefore potentially makes new behaviours possible (Asen, 2002). Once again this reframing of the problem was innovative at the time and led to subsequent developments in therapeutic practice. SECOND ORDER CYBERNETICS Mental illnesses are indeed mental, in that they are at least 90% made up of blame, or casual attributions that are felt as blame. (Hoffman, 1993: 391) The shift towards what became known as second order cybernetics was broadly paralleled with a move in the social sciences towards constructivism and a departure from the mechanistic version of systems theory (Dallos Urry, 1999). Observations of patterns within systems were still seen as the major starting point but the emphasis was moved to an exploration of how the particular patterns within a family were shaped by their beliefs, explanations and meanings. Therapists began to make no assumptions about how family life should be and what represented a healthy family. The basic premise of this second wave of systems theories (Dallos Urry, 1999) was that the therapist and supervision team were seen as formulating certain ideas about a particular familys dynamics. These were regarded as no more than working hypothesis (Selvini Palazzoli, 1980) and it was believed there was no objective reality waiting to be discovered (Dallos Urry, 1999). It was imperative that therapists worked in teams rather than individually because it was seen as essential that the therapists continually reflected on and questioned their perceptions. The Milan systemic approach The Milan systemic approach advocated by Selvini Palazzoli and colleagues, (1978), holds great emphasis on a particular style of interviewing circular and reflexive questioning (Selvini Palazzoli et al, 1980). The approach focuses on questioning the various family members beliefs and perceptions regarding relationships. Asking each to comment and reflect on the answers given by the various other family members creates feedback that changes the fabric of family interactions (Asen, 2002). The Milan groups commitment to positive connotation produced a non- blaming approach. Selvini Palazzoli, Boscolo, Cecchin Prata ,(1980), succeeded in establishing three principles that they considered indispensible to interviewing the family correctly. They called these principles Hypothesising , Circularity, Neutrality. By hypothesising we refer to the formulation by the therapist of a hypothesis based upon the information he possesses regarding the family he is interviewing. The hypothesis establishes a starting point for his investigation as well as his verification of the validity of this hypothesis based upon specific methods and skills. If the hypothesis is proven false, the therapist must form a second hypothesis based upon the information gathered during the testing of the first (Selvini Palazzoli, et al, 1980; p.1) A fundamental point emphasized was that every hypothesis had to be systemic, therefore, include all components of the family. The hypothesis was seen as neither true or false but more or less useful. That is, it was used by the Milan group as more of an investigative tool. By investigating proposed hypotheses of the problem, whether they proved true or false, the hypothesis served its essential function of providing the team of therapists with new information. The second principle proposed by Milan systemic therapy was that of circularity. By circularity we mean the capacity of the therapist to conduct his investigation on the basis of feedback from the family in response to the information he solicits about relationships and, therefore, about difference and change (Selvini Palazzoli et al, 1980,p.4) The acquisition of such an ability demands that therapists free themselves from the linguistic and cultural condition that make them believe they are capable of thinking in terms of things so that they may rediscover the deeper truth that we still think only in terms of relationships (Bateson, 1968;p.173). Circular questioning has subsequently been described as both an information-gathering and a change-inducing procedure. According to Tomm the purpose of a systemic interview is not so much the removal of a problem but the discovery of its systemic connectedness and hence its temporal necessity (Tomm, 1985; p.44). The recognition of this necessity makes the need for alternatives self-evident and may result in a problem resolution that appears to be spontaneous (Tomm, 1985). The third principle was termed by the Milan group as neutrality: By neutrality of the therapist we mean a specific pragmatic effect that his total behaviour during the session exerts on the family (and not his intrapsychic disposition). (Selvini Palazzoli et al, 1980; p.6). Ideally if the principle of neutrality is maintained throughout a family session, the family members should feel that the therapist had not sided or supported any one family member in particular. Instead the Milan- systemic therapist builds successive alliances, the end result of which is that the therapist is allied with everyone and no one at the same time. The therapist works to provoke feedback and collects information, the more the therapist does this the less apt to make moral judgements of any kind. It is also the responsibility of the therapist to observe and neutralize as early as possible any attempt towards coalition, seduction, or privileged relationships with the therapist made by any member or subgroup of the family (Selvini Palazzoli et al, 1980). Social Constructionist approach The Social Constructionist approach is based on the reality that the therapist observes is created, with perceptions being shaped by the therapists own cultures and his/her ingrained assumptions and beliefs. This approach is influencing many systemic therapists and has led to an examination of how language shapes problem perceptions and definitions ( Asen, 2002). Family therapists are interested in the active process of meaning-making and the greater variation of possibilities the inherent ideas in particular discourses and the ideas that had been excluded (Boston, 2000). If the narratives in which clients describe their experience- or have their experience reported by mental health professionals- do not fit these experiences, then significant aspects of their lived experience will contradict the dominant narrative (White Epston, 1990: cited in Asen, 2002) and be experienced as problematic. Narrative Therapy Systemic narrative therapy proposes to help families to produce and evolve new stories and ways of understanding events to make sense of their experiences. Family and therapist together co-construct new ways of describing the individual and related family issues so that they no longer need to be viewed or experienced as problematic (Asen, 2002). Brief solution-focused therapy In brief solution-focused therapy, the problem drenched ways of talking are deliberately ignored, with the focus instead on the patterns of previous attempted solutions (De Shazer, 1985). The approach is based on the observation that symptoms and problems have a tendency to ebb and flow. During times when a symptom is less or not present, the therapist designs therapeutic strategies around the exceptions, as they form the basis of the solution. The theory postulates that by encouraging families to amplify the solution patterns of their lives, the problem patterns can be driven into the background (Asen, 2002; 231). Psychoeducational approaches Psychoeducational approaches (Leff et al, 1982; Anderson, 1983) combine behavioural interventions with structural approaches. Family members are educated about the causes and the course of the individuals mental health problem. The general aim of therapy is to reduce the emotional intensity in the family as well as the degree of physical proximity (Asen, 2002). One of the main important aspects of this approach are regular relatives groups- to share experiences and solutions- and family sessions (Kuipers et al, 2002) (Asen, 2002). Behavioural family and couple therapy Behavioural family and couple therapy views the family as a major health-enhancing resource, with each member doing his/her very best to maximise pleasant and minimise unpleasant events in the family unit and the immediate social environment (Asen, 2002). Therapists in this framework employ such things as contingency contracting or operant conditioning to illicit behavioural change. After observation and analysis of recounted family or couple interactions, concrete goals for change are targeted by both family and therapist. The therapists and families work together on behaviours which can be easily modified and changed. Initially the focus is on positive feelings, ideas and plans and once some progress has been made, the focus shifts to the expression of negative feelings, in a constructive manner so that problem resolution can be facilitated (Asen, 2002). The therapist then adopts a structured- problem solving stance to encourage family members to agree on the problems and goals, di scuss solutions and to highlight advantages and disadvantages of each proposed solution. Finally an implementation plan is put in place and the family and therapist continually review the efforts and results (Falloon, 1988). Summary In summary there are extremely diverse systemic approaches which have developed since the initial application of systems theories to therapy in the 1950s. In its very conception, systemic therapy challenged the psychiatric/medical prevailing attitudes of the time and offered an alternative to the oppressive practices of stigmatization, isolation, confinement and enforced treatments. The innovative idea of externalising the problem to the individuals wider systems and a fierce commitment to positive connotation has had a major impact on current therapeutic interventions. In addition to this, the premise of enlisting family members or system members as therapeutic agents, surrounds the individual experiencing difficulties with an invaluable support system. The next section of this paper highlights the impact and contribution of systemic ideas to therapeutic practice by discussing the evidence base for anorexia, schizophrenia and child-focused problems. ANOREXIA NERVOSA Over the past two decades family therapy has gradually established itself as an important treatment approach in eating disorders. It has been found to be particularly effective in adolescent anorexia nervosa. Its impact to the treatment of anorexia nervosa, particularly in adolescent sufferers could be considered to be one of Family therapys greatest contributions in a clinical setting. There is a consistent body of empirical evidence for the effectiveness of family -based treatments which adds significant weight to the earlier clinical and theoretical accounts of some of the pioneers of family therapy such as Minuchin (Minuchin et al. 1975) and the Milan group (Selvini Palazzoli et al. 1974) and has undoubtedly been one of the important factors in the major changes in the treatment of eating disorders that the field has witnessed in the past 20 years (Eisler, 2002). However in contradiction, alongside the evidence for the effectiveness of family therapy, there has also been growing evidence that the theoretical foundations from which this treatment has evolved are flawed. The psychosomatic family model proposed by Minuchin et al (1978) suggested that there was a specific family context within which the eating disorder developed. It was suggested that a particular family process evolved around the symptomatic behaviour in interaction with vulnerability in the child and the childs role as mediator in cross generational alliances (Minuchin et al. 1975) (cited in Eisler, 2002). Minuchin et al. (1975) emphasised the evolving and interactive nature of the process and saw the resulting psychosomatic family as a necessary condition for the development of the eating disorder. The evidence for the psychosomatic family is weak and more recent findings have indicated that families in which an eating disorder sufferer is present are heterogenous group. This heterogeneity is not only with respect to socio-demographic characteristics but also in terms of the nature of the relationships within the family and the emotional climate and patterns of interactions (Eisler 1995). Regardless of whether the family has an impact on the aetiology of the eating disorder, the major impact of an eating disorder, on family life, cannot be denied. As time goes on food, eating behaviours and the concerns that they give rise to begin to permeate the entire family fabric, every relationship in the family, influencing daily family routines, coping and problem solving behaviours.(Eisler, 2002, p.292). Due to the monumental impact of the disorder on the entire family, an intervention that includes the entire family seems logical. The most important facet of systemic therapy is that the family is seen as resource. It is important to explore with the family where things have got stuck and to help them to re-discover some of the resources that they have as a family so that they can become unstuck and start looking for new solutions to the problems (Eisler, 2002). As mentioned previously there is a growing body of evidence for the effectiveness of systemic family therapy in the treatment of anorexia, in particular adolescent anorexia nervosa. The initial studies were uncontrolled follow up studies. The first study of family therapy with patients with a diagnosis of anorexia nervosa was conducted by Minuchin and colleagues (1975). Their study involved 53 anorexic patients, just over half of whom started receiving inpatient treatment in conjunction with family therapy. Some patients were also seen individually. The results were extremely positive, the researchers reported a recovery rate of 86%, however the study has been heavily criticised for its methodological weaknesses (the evaluations were conducted by members of the clinical team, there was no comparison treatment and the length of follow-up varied from 18 months to 7 years ) (Eisler, 2002). A similar study conducted by Martin (1985) showed positive results comparable to that of Minuchin and colleagues study. The research was a five year follow up of 25 adolescent anorexia nervosa patients (mean age 14.9 years), with a short duration of illness (8.1 months). At the end of the treatment period there had been significant improvements, although only 23% would have met the Morgan/Russel criteria for good outcome, 45% for intermediate outcome and 32% poor outcome. The results at follow-up were 80% having good outcome, 4% intermediate and the remaining patients either still in treatment (12%) or relapsed (4%). Two other studies (Dare, 1983; Mayer, 1994) used family therapy as the only treatment intervention and found that 90% of patients had made significant improvements or were recovered at follow up. However, both of these studies were small (12 and 11 patients). A third lager study, conducted by Stierlin weber, (1987, 1989), took place with families seen at the Heidelberg Centre over a period of 10 years and adds to the evidence that adolescents and probably also young adults, do well in family therapy (Eisler, 2002). To date there has not been very many randomized clinical trials in anorexia nervosa and the few that there is having been relatively small. Russell and colleagues (1987), compared family therapy and individual therapy and found that adolescent patients with a short duration faired significantly better with family therapy than the control treatment (individual therapy). The findings were however, inconclusive for those with duration of illness of more than three years who mostly had a poor outcome. Eisler (1997), conducted a five-year follow up of this study and showed that in the adolescent subgroup who had a short history of illness, those who received family therapy continued to do well with 90% having a good outcome. In comparison while those that had received the individual therapy also improved, nearly half still had significant eating disorder symptoms. This finding suggests that the benefits of family therapy can still be detected, 5 years after the end of treatment (Eisler, 2 002). Several other important studies have compared different types of family therapy. Two such studies were Eisler et al (2000), and LeGrange and colleagues (1992). Both researchers compared Conjoint Family Therapy (CFT) and Separated Family Therapy (SFT) in which the adolescent was seen on their own and the parents were seen in a separate session with the same therapist. Overall, the results of both studies showed improvements in both the CFT group and the SFT group. The study by Eisler and colleagues, suggested that on individual psychological measures and measures of family functioning there was significantly more change in the CFT group. Similarly, a study by Robin et al (1999), also investigated the differences between two forms of family therapy. Researchers compared conjoint family therapy, which they described as behavioural family systems therapy BFST, with ego-orientated individual therapy EOIT. The EOIT consisted of individual therapy for the patient on a weekly basis, combined with fortnightly meetings with the parents. Robin and colleagues, (1999) found that by the end of treatment, both the BFST (similar to the Eisler, CFT group ) and the EOIT group patients had significantly improved, with 67% reaching target weight by the end of treatment. A one year follow up found that 75% had reached their target weight. The research found that BFST led to significantly greater weight gain than EOIT both at the end of treatment and at follow-up (Robin et al. 1999). Both groups produced comparably large improvements in eating attitudes, depression and self-reported eating-related family conflict. Furthermore a decreas e in maternal negative communication and an increase in positive communication was found in the BFST group but not the EOIT group. In summary, the overall consistent findings of these studies is that adolescents with anorexia appear to respond better to systemic family therapy, and often without the need for inpatient treatment (Eisler, 2002). Conclusions about the comparisons between different kinds of family therapy have to be examined more carefully. This is mainly due to the small size and small number of comparative studies (Eisler, 2002). It seems apparent that those treatments which encourage the parents to take an active role in tackling the adolescents anorexia are the most effective. According to Eisler, 2002, these therapies may have some advantages by over involving the parents in a way that is supportive and understanding of the adolescent, but encourages them to step back from the eating problem. Furthermore it has been suggested that not involving the parents in the treatment at all, leads to the worst outcome and may considerably delay recovery of the patient. However it should be noted that seei ng whole families in which there are high levels of hostility or criticism, may be disadvantageous to the individual with anorexia. According to Szmuckler and colleagues, 1985, such families may be difficult to engage with and this may be even more salient when the whole family is seen together. During family sessions feelings of guilt and blame may be increased as a consequence of criticisms or confrontations brought up during the family therapy session (Squire-Dehouck, 1993). SCHIZOPHRENIA Providing family intervention therapy for individuals with schizophrenia is widely accepted as being beneficial to the both to the individual with schizophrenia and their families. Both the NICE (2003) and PORT (Lehman et al., 1998) guidelines recommend some kind of family work or family intervention for schizophrenia (Bertrando, 2006). Its efficacy with treating individuals with Schizophrenia could also be considered one of systemic family therapies major contributions to clinical practice. Although there is considerable variability in the format of systemic-family based interventions, they tend to share a common set of assumptions. Firstly schizophrenia is regarded as an illness; secondly, the family environment is not implicated in the etiology of the illness. Third, support is provided and families are enlisted as therapeutic agents and lastly the interventions are part of a treatment package used in conjunction with routine drug treatment and outpatient clinical management (Lam, 1991; Dixon Lehman, 1995). The elements of family interventions most frequently used in differing combinations are psycho-education, behavioural problem solving, family support, and crisis management (Dixon Lehman, 1995). It is clear that effective family treatments involve at least some conjoint family meetings which include symptomatic and non-symptomatic family members. Emphasis is placed on blame reduction, the positive role which family members can play in the rehabilitation on the person experiencing difficulties and the degree to which family intervention will alleviate the familys burden of care (Carr, 2000). One helpful aspect of systemic -family intervention is that it provides family members with an explanation or framing of the condition which provides a rationale for reducing family stress, increasing family support and active coping and arranging for the person with schizophrenia to adhere to the prescribed medication regime (Carr, 2000; 284). Initially a study by Brown (1972) found that people with schizophrenia from families that expressed high levels of criticism, hostility, or, over-involvement have more frequent relapses than individuals with similar problems from families that tended to be less expressive of their emotions. There are now several interventions available to families involving education, support and management to reduce expressed emotion etc. (Pharoah et al, 2006). The aim of such family interventions is to reduce stress within the families and subsequently by doing so reduce the levels of relapse. Interventions are proposed to accompany drug treatments rather than to be used as an alternative (Pharoah et al, 2006). A review by Mari, (1996), found that family interventions in Schizophrenia significantly reduced hospital admissions at one year follow up. Further to this, the most recent review carried out by Pharoah and colleagues, (2006) lends support to Maris, (1996) original finding and up to date evidence suggests that family intervention does statistically and significantly reduce hospital admissions at one year (Pharoah et al, 2006). In addition, at 18 month follow up, family intervention was still found to significantly reduce levels of admission to hospital. A study lending support to this hypothesis, reported that total number of days spent in hospital at 3 months was significantly lower for individuals that had received family interventions. Another study by Xiong (1994) cited by Pharoah (2006), favoured family intervention. The authors reported that 33 individuals receiving family intervention , spent on average 7.9 days in hospital by the end of 1 year follow up period, compared to 28 controls who spent on average 24 days in hospital. In terms of effect of family intervention on the families or relatives of the individual with schizophrenia, a study by Bloch, (1995), pointed that familys ability to cope with the illness was not clearly increased by family intervention. However, the study did report that the families understanding of the patients needs were statistically increased by family intervention. In contrast Szmuckler, (2003), reported on continuous measures of coping by the carers and found ambiguous results with no benefit been shown for those in intervention group compared to controls. However studies have proven that family intervention decreases significantly the levels of criticism and hostility compared to groups not receiving family therapy (Tarrier, 1988). Increased understanding of an individuals difficulties with schizophrenia, coupled with decreased levels of hostility and criticism towards that person, can be viewed a significant and important contribution of systemic therapy to dealing with th is condition. There is also evidence to suggest that family intervention is favourable when compared to standard care. A study by Chen, (2002; cited in Pharoah, 2006), reported that at the end of 1 year follow up, family therapy intervention did significantly reduce relapse rates of patients. Zhao, (2000), found that at 2 year follow up rates were again significantly lower in the family intervention groups. Furthermore studies looking at relapse rates at 3 year follow up also favoured family therapy (cited in Pharoah, 2006). In their review, Pharoah and colleagues, (2006), concluded that people receiving family therapy may relapse less than standard care groups. However it is noted by the authors that unpublished and inaccessible smaller negative studies that could not be included in the current review, and may weaken the overall findings (Pharoah, 2006). But at the moment the best available evidence suggests that approximate number of families needed to be given Family Intervention in order to avoid the relapse of 1 patient at the end of 1 year, is 8. The impression of better overall global improvement in family intervention groups is supported by several other studies (Xiang, 1994; Ran, 2003; cited in Pharoah, 2006). Family intervention was not shown to either hinder or promote the completion of one year of therapy , however findings do suggest that family therapy does promote compliance of individuals with schizophrenia and medication (Pharoah, 2006). The authors propose that it can be speculated that this is the reason that family Intervention has its main effect. Hogart, (1997), suggests that although compliance with medication was indeed improved by family