Law and Natalie Attired Case Essay Example

Law and Natalie Attired Case Paper Law and Natalie Attired Case BY Jae1214 TO: Alexis Schlamberg FROM: RE: Natalie Attired Case DATE: November 19, 2013 Statement of the Facts Natalie Attired, 23, was terminated from her situation as a server at Biddys Teahouse for having a noticeable tattoo. The proprietor, Biddy Baker terminated Miss Attired in light of the fact that she would not expel the tattoo and expected that a representative having a tattoo that was obvious would disturb her progressively develop supporters, which would influence benefits. No documentation could be given that indicated lost benefits. Ms. Pastry specialist stated cap two supporters requested to be reseated the day preceding she was ended. Natalie expressed that there was not a representative handbook or expressed to by Ms. Bread cook that tattoos were not permitted. In any case, she stated that a colleague, a year sooner, told her to ensure it is put where the sun doesn't sparkle since Biddy bread cook would not be glad. In July of 2010, Miss Attired applied a case for joblessness and was denied by the New Mexico Unemployment Security Board since her activities were a result of unfortunate behavior. Issue Does Miss Attireds activities meet the models of offense in NM Stat S 51-1-7 (West) Short Answer Rule of law An individual will be excluded for and will not be qualified to get benefits: (2) in the event that it is dictated by the division that the individual has been released for unfortunate behavior associated with the people work; or Analysis While the law expresses that any representative that is ended for wrongdoing won't get benefits. We will compose a custom paper test on Law and Natalie Attired Case explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom paper test on Law and Natalie Attired Case explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom article test on Law and Natalie Attired Case explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer The inquiry remains does this apply to this case? When inspecting case law around there is by all accounts a cut a dry way the courts ave dominated. Just put does the NMUSB reserve the privilege to preclude Miss Attired set up in the Zelma M. Mitchell v. Lovington Good Samaritan Center, Inc. , 555 P. 2d 696 (N. M. Sup. Ct. 1976). The court made a point of reference that unfortunate behavior is resolved to be . unfortunate behavior s constrained to lead revealing such resolved or wanton dismissal of a businesses interests as is found in purposeful infringement or negligence of guidelines of conduct which the business has the option to expect of his worker, or in arelessness or carelessness of such degree or repeat as to show equivalent culpability, unjust goal or fiendishness plan or to show a deliberate and significant dismissal of the businesses interests or of the representatives obligations and commitments to his boss. Then again minor wastefulness, unsuitable lead, disappointment in great execution as the consequence of failure or insufficiency, incidents or customary carelessness in disengaged occurrences, or great confidence blunders in Judgment or carefulness are not to be considered wrongdoing inside the significance of the rule. When perusing what the court regarded to be wrongdoing the inquiry remains does the tattoo that Miss Attired purchased and would not evacuate mean she was eagerly conflicting with her bosses wishes if there is no composed guideline or worker handbook to follow and confirms should be upheld that there will be lost business as Ms. Biddy is asserting there will be. When looking at and instance of Its Burger Time, Inc v. New Mexico Department of Labor Employment Security Department, Board of Review et. al, 769 P. 2d 88 (N. M. Sup. Ct. 989), the courts have stablished that proof must be indicated that lost business is in direct connection to the demonstration considered as offense. End Miss Attireds case will be upset dependent on the models that unfortunate behavior can't be set up as obstinate or wanton dismissal of the businesses wishes in light of the fact that there was not a representative handbook. Other proof that will be thought of and upheld is that the business couldn't show lo st business or benefactors to her foundation and in this way the tattoo had no effect on her business which doesn't bolster being unfortunate behavior.

Adventure on an Island

‘’John and Alice, for your model execution in your year-end assessments, we are going for a little family occasion. ’’ said James Brown, father of John and Alice Brown. ‘’Where? Where? ’’ asked the youngsters energetically. ‘’We’re setting off to a spot that offers boundless harmony and calm. That spot is Bermuda. And keeping in mind that you’re there†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ James talked for a long time about legitimate behavior and how it would influence them. Despite the fact that it was very exhausting, it would have profited them on the off chance that they had focused as opposed to playing rock-paper-scissors. On the boat on the way to Bermuda, the youngsters lived like there was no tomorrow. They heaped food on their plates with a great deal of all that they preferred. Sufficiently sure, they couldn’t finish it. So they unobtrusively poured the remainders of their incomplete food over the edge. As they did this, a scrap of their father’s discourse returned to them. ‘’When there is a great deal of food, take just a bit. On the off chance that it isn’t enough, return and take some more. This is far superior to taking a great deal and afterward discarding it since you can’t finish it. ’ dislike we will do this for the remainder of our lives,’’ contemplated the kids. ‘’It’s just the first run through. Father doesn’t need to know. ’’ Sadly, this wasn’t the main offense the youngsters submitted. They likewise took things offered by well mannered stewards and attendants without saying bl ess your heart. Weighed down with food and drink, the kids were excessively apathetic to appropriately discard the plastic wrappers from their tidbits. Rather, the two reckless youngsters consumed those wrappers. ‘’Don’t ever consume things, particularly plastic. Plastic is incredibly poisonous. Whatever you do, don’t consume it. ’’ ’’We’re really sparing space and aiding people,’’ thought the youngsters. ‘’ Don’t they consume plastic in incinerators? On the off chance that we don’t consume them, these plastic is going to wind up in landfills, which occupy a great deal of room. Indeed, we’re doing something to be thankful for. ’’ And not long after doing this, the two kids nodded off. The two kids before long woke up to awful warmth on the island. ‘’Hey! For what reason is the sun so sweltering out of nowhere? ’’, pondered the kids. Being smart youngsters, they had the appropriate response in a matter of seconds. ’’It’s an unnatural weather change! ’’ said Alice. ’The ozone is diminishing on the grounds that individuals consume plastic and†¦.. ‘’ she halted in mid-sentence. ’†™Oh dear, we simply did it on the boat! ’’ said John. ‘’Oh, quit worrying about John. What’s done will be finished. Why don’t we investigate the island? ’’ On their way, they saw a little lake loaded with dead fish. Inquisitive, the two kids chose to research. The lake was immersed with refuse! It wasn’t just refuse yet with bits of spoiled food. ‘’Look at the waste! Wasn’t that the seared chicken we couldn’t finish? What's more, aren’t those the bits of plate of mixed greens? What have we done? ’’ Shortly from that point onward, they saw a few gulls. Rather than white and dim, the gulls were dark and a fluid dribbled from them. As the youngsters came nearer for a superior look, they saw that the fix of ocean that the gulls have recently ascended from had a thick layer of oil above it. It was the straw that broke the camel's back for the two. ‘’Enough! We can’t take any longer! ’’ cried the youngsters. ‘’From now on, we’ll follow our father’s counsel and never be inefficient! ’’ And that was the point at which they woke up. As yet suspecting the horrendous disclosure was valid, the youngsters hurried to their folks, admitted and apologized to them. ’ What babble! ’’ said James Brown. ‘’We are still on the boat, not an island! Both of you should have an awful dream. Something to do with your gorging, I shouldn’t wonder. Be that as it may, it was an awesome thing both of you gathered up the mental fortitude to possess up. Recall your fantasy with the goal that you will never turn out badly. ’’ And so the Brown kin took in their exercise and changed their mentality towards the earth for the last time. The unstoppable force of life isn't limitless, the youngsters learnt. In spite of the fact that she might be almighty, she despite everything needs assistance. Let us take great consideration of the earth.

Figure-Ground Perception in Psychology

Figure-Ground Perception in Psychology Theories Cognitive Psychology Print Figure-Ground Perception in Psychology By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Updated on January 16, 2020 Diarb2008 / Wikimedia Commons / CC BY-SA 3.0 More in Theories Cognitive Psychology Behavioral Psychology Developmental Psychology Personality Psychology Social Psychology Biological Psychology Psychosocial Psychology Figure-ground perception refers to the tendency of the visual system to simplify a scene into the main object that we are looking at (the figure) and everything else that forms the background (or ground). The concept of figure-ground perception is often illustrated with the classic faces or vases illusion, also known as the Rubin vase. Depending on whether you see the black or the white as the figure, you may see either two faces in profile (meaning you perceive the dark color as the figure) or a vase in the center (meaning you see the white color as the figure). A History of Figure-Ground Perception The concept of figure-ground perception emerged out of the field of Gestalt psychology. According to the Gestalt approach, the whole is more (or different) than the sum of its parts.?? The term Gestalt itself comes from the German word meaning form or shape. During the 1920s, a number of German psychologists including Max Wertheimer and Wolfgang Kohler began studying different principles of perception that govern how people make sense of an often disorderly world. Their work led to what is known as the Gestalt laws of perceptual organization. The Gestalt theory of perception proposes that people make sense of the world around them by talking separate and distinct elements and combining them into a unified whole.?? For example, if you look at shapes drawn on a piece of paper, your mind will likely group the shapes in terms of things such as similarity or proximity. Objects that are similar to one another tend to be grouped together. Objects that are near each other also tend to be grouped together. While the concept of figure-ground perception is an important principle in Gestalt psychology, it is usually not identified as one of the laws of perceptual organization. Figure-ground perception describes one of the most fundamental ways that we simplify a visual scene. How the Perceptual Process Works How Do People Distinguish Between Figure and Ground? When looking at a visual scene, people tend to look for ways to differentiate between the figure and the ground. Some ways that people accomplish this include:?? Blurriness: Objects in the foreground tend to be crisp and distinct while those in the background are blurry or hazy.Contrast:  The high contrast between objects can lead to the perception of figure and ground. The Rubin vase is one example.Size: Images that appear to be larger will be perceived as closer and part of the figure while those that are smaller will seem further away and part of the background.Separation: An object isolated from everything else in a visual scene is more likely to be seen as a figure versus background. Examples The faces or vases illustration is one of the most frequent demonstrations of figure-ground. What you see when you look at the faces or vases illusion depends on whether you see the white as the figure or the black as the figure. If you see the white as the figure, then you perceive a vase. If you see the black as the figure, then you see two faces in profile. Most people are able to reverse their perceptions and switch back and forth between the vase and faces images. The artist M.C. Escher famously used this concept to create a number of fascinating figure-ground reversals.?? His elaborate drawings often include clever visuals that trick the eye and create fascinating figure-ground changes. 6 Fascinating Optical Illusions

Frederick Douglass and Olaudah Equiano - 2598 Words

Mahatma Gandhi once said, The moment the slave resolves that he will no longer be a slave, his fetters fall...freedom and slavery are mental states. This simple quote symbolizes the lives of Frederick Douglass and Olaudah Equiano. Both of which were slaves who tried to free themselves. Both Douglass and Equiano have wrote a narrative about their lives, however, each one is different in its own unique way. From the bonds of slavery on a plantation to the call of freedom from the north, his life was filled with hopes of improvement for both himself as well as his fellow slaves. Frederick Douglass was an unusual character. Even in the bonds of slavery, he didnt consider himself to be owned by anyone else. His mind and soul were his own†¦show more content†¦Mr. Auld told his wife that teaching a slave to read would make him discontented and unhappy. This statement only further whetted Fredricks ambition to learn to read and write. His plan to get the local children to teach him was quite ingenious. Fredrick was also very dedicated to learning to write. The fact that he would practice with his young masters schoolbooks was very risky and daring. If he had been found out, he would have been severely punished for the crime of learning. Mr. Auld was right; Fredrick did become discontented and dreamed of a way to improve his standing in life. Fredrick also didnt keep his dream to himself. He taught other slaves how to read and even tried to form an escape party with his fellow slaves. Being able to read clearly changed Fredrick Douglass life and gave him the courage to escape his bonds of slavery. Fredrick was also lucky in the fact that he was able to work in the city most of his time as a slave. Fredrick once compared a city slave to a freeman. City slaves almost always had enough to eat and looked respectable at all times because their masters wouldnt want to lose face in their society. The work also wasnt as hard for a city slave as a slave out on the plantations. The city slaves werent worked from sun-up to sunset and were given decent quarters to sleep in. Some of the city slaves even developed a trade. Fredrick learned to work in shipyards as aShow MoreRelatedThe Life Of Frederick Douglass And Olaudah Equiano1398 Words   |  6 Pagespeople a way to see life through their eyes. Frederick Douglass and Olaudah Equiano were two slaves during those times that were forced into the world of slavery. Frederick Douglass’s â€Å"Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass An American Slave† and Olaudah Equiano’s â€Å"The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano† are literary pieces that talk about their views, experiences, and ideas in relation to slavery. The narratives of Douglass and Equiano offer true records of life as a slave. InRead MoreOlaudah Equiano, Frederick Douglass And Harriet Jacobs Essay1622 Words   |  7 Pageswritten by Olaudah Equiano, Frederick Douglass and Harriet Jacobs. Although Olaudah Equiano was not directly involved in American slavery, several aspects of The Life of Olaudah Equiano can be used to understand why the institution lasted so long. A major part of the novel was dedicated to counter one of the major propagating ideas of slavery: the widespread myth that Africans were either not fully human or were of a less developed branch of humanity so enslaving them was moral. Equiano spends theRead MoreSlaves Narratives: Frederick Douglass, Olaudah Equiano Essay1477 Words   |  6 PagesSojourner Truth, Frederick Douglass, and Olaudah Equiano all have extremely interesting slave narratives. During their lives, they faced plenty of racist discrimination and troubling moments. They were all forced into slavery at an awfully young age and they all had to fight for their freedom. In 1797, Truth was born into slavery in New York with the name of Isabella Van Wagener. She was a slave for most of her life and eventually got emancipated. Truth was an i mmense women’s suffrage activist. SheRead MoreFrederick Douglass Vs. Olaudah Equiano Slave Narratives Essay2001 Words   |  9 PagesFrederick Douglass vs. Olaudah Equiano Slave Narratives   Ã‚  Ã‚   According to Abraham Lincoln, â€Å"Slavery is founded on the selfishness of man’s nature; opposition to it on his love of justice†. Frederick Douglass published a book on his life that he wrote in 1845, titled â€Å"Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass†. It has been said that he followed in the footsteps of Olaudah Equiano who also written an autobiography known as â€Å"Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano in 1789. In the book the â€Å"NarrativeRead MoreThe Classic Slave Narratives: Harriet Jacobs, Frederick Douglass and Olaudah Equiano1985 Words   |  8 PagesThe book The Classic Slave Narratives is a collection of narratives that includes the historical enslavement experiences in the lives of the former slaves Harriet Jacobs, Frederick Douglass, and Olaudah Equiano. They all find ways to advocate for themselves to protect them from some of the horrors of slavery, such as sexual abuse, verbal abuse, imprisonment, beatings, torturi ng, killings and the nonexistence of civil rights as Americans or rights as human beings. Also, their keen wit and intelligenceRead MoreOlaudah Equiano, A British Slave, And Frederick Douglass And Harriet Jacobs, American Slaves Essay1737 Words   |  7 PagesThe autobiographies of Olaudah Equiano, a British slave, and Frederick Douglass and Harriet Jacobs, American slaves, highlight the transition from the institution of British slavery pre-American Revolution to the 18th and 19th century American plantation slavery. The explicit differences between the two systems suggest unique factors that either promoted or hindered each institution. In Britain, slavery was generally driven by economic factors that relied on trained labor. Growth and expansion ofRead MoreAdvocates for the Abolition of Slavery: Olaudah Equiano vs. Fredirck Douglass902 Words   |  4 Pagesslaves Frederick Douglass and Olaudah Equiano documented their horrifying experiences and published accounts of them. The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass and The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano highlight the cruelty towards slaves during the era of realism. Although these autobiographies contain many similarities in the manner of their composure, including abolitionist motives and a focus on the separation of families, the dissimilar lives of Equiano and Douglass exposeRead MoreOlaudah Equiano s The Slave Of The European Essay1711 Words   |  7 Pageseating. This indeed was often the case with myself † Teasley 4 (quizlet.com). Olaudah-Equiano’s previous master treated him with respect and really took care of him, however once he was a slave of the European’s he and all of the other slaves were treated inhumanely. Once Equiano enters this environment, he was immediately terrified because he was not use to the form of treatment he was receiving. In addition, Equiano thought of jumping off the ship, but the slaveholders watched him and others tooRead MoreThe Great Challenge For Marginalized Writers Essay1681 Words   |  7 Pagesaudience towards their viewpoint without appearing too critical of the dominant culture. Additionally, minorities faced another challenge because they had to prove their credibility for writing their stories in the first place. Frederick Douglass, Harriet Jacobs, and Olaudah Equiano relied on prefaces, appeals for morality, and Christianity to establish a connection with their audience. All three writers used ethos, logos, and pathos to persuade the audie nce towards their perspective. Once they had createdRead More Interpretations of Slavery Essay3734 Words   |  15 Pageswell as the authors personal experiences and tragedies. Three very influential slave narratives were written by Gustavas Vassa, Frederick Douglass and Harriet Jacobs. Vassa wrote in an earlier period so his writing was not openly hostile toward slavery. Instead, he carefully called for an end to slavery by comparing African slavery to Western slavery. Frederick Douglass wrote his narrative in 1845 and attempted to make clear that the slavery issue was a test of American Democracy. He wanted people

Defining public authority and public function - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1624 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Analytical essay Tags: Act Essay Did you like this example? 211188 A. When deciding whether or not the courts have adopted a coherent approach to defining â€Å"public authority† and â€Å"public function†, one must first look to the section of the Human Rights Act 1998 (â€Å"the Act†) which addresses this. In section 6, the Act holds that â€Å"[i]t is unlawful for a public authority to act in a way which is incompatible with a Convention right†.[1] It goes on to qualify what it means by â€Å"public authority† by adding that this term will include a court or tribunal, and any person whose function is a function of a public nature, but does not include the House of parliament or those exercising parliamentary functions.[2] The Convention rights are included as well, and consist of various fundamental human rights such as fair trial rights; the right to education etc.[3] The Act is therefore a broad protection of fundamental rights, and it is thus incredibly pertinent to dete rmine the exact nature of the horizontal and vertical application of the provisions.[4] This is especially in light of the suspicions many European countries have in regard to the extent to which the European Court of Human Rights can extend its influence not only into the judiciary, but into the legislature as well.[5] In light of the importance of the possible effects of this Act, there have actually been multiple methods used to interpret this section. The broadest interpretation as to the scope of â€Å"public authorities† has been adopted by Sir William Wade – because section 6 (3) includes courts and tribunals, he asserts this means that, regardless of the parties before the court, the court will always be subject to the Act.[6] This means that, horizontally, the Act will be used to determine widely to private bodies as well. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Defining public authority and public function" essay for you Create order However, this interpretation seems to both ignore the â€Å"function† as mentioned in section 6 (1), as well as the fact that, if the Act was meant to apply to all disputes before a court, the Legislature would not have needed to include the term â€Å"public authority† at all. When passing the Act, the Ministers involved held that â€Å"public authority† should generally be given a wide meaning, and be determined on a case by case basis.[7] In drafting, it was established that this should be done by reference to â€Å"public function†.[8] This method of looking at the function, rather than nature, of the office concerned is a method adopted by many jurisdictions when considering the issues of judicial review, and seems true to the legislature’s intention due to their express inclusion of the term â€Å"function† in section 6 (1).[9] In practice though, the courts tend to look at both the source and the nature of the power.[10] For inst ance, in situations where the power arose from a private contract, it will generally not be considered sufficiently â€Å"public† to fall under the Act, regardless of the function.[11] However, this approach seems to be diverting from the broad application originally intended and suggested by the Lord Chancellor in regard to scope.[12] There are â€Å"pure† public authority’s, which tend to be defined narrowly on the source of the power acted upon, but â€Å"functional† public authorities are more broadly defined in practice by the courts.[13] Because of this variance in tests and lack of coherence in definition, there are often instances where private bodies are essentially acting as public authorities, but the public are not protected by the rights enshrined under the Act due to the seemingly irrelevant â€Å"†¦criterion of the body’s administrative links with institutions of the State†.[14] These definitions then lead to uncertain ty as to the application of the Act, as well as the extent to which human rights are practically protected in the United Kingdom. In investigating this concern, the suggestion has been made that there must be intervention into the case law to develop the jurisprudence.[15] The House of Lord’s has submitted that a body isâ€Å"†¦performing a public function under section 6(3)(b) of the Human Rights Act where it exercises a function that has its origin in governmental responsibilities, in such a way as to compel individual’s to rely on that body for realisation of their Convention human rights†.[16] This apparent compromise both recognises the reality of the function (i.e. in practice, what type of power is being exerted?), while also appreciating the necessity for advancing human rights and providing for certainty in jurisprudence. B. The Human Rights Act has clear application in regard to judicial review in the United Kingdom, but there are questio ns as to the extent of the impact. The Act has incorporated into the United Kingdom human rights principles which must be applied within domestic cases, but how do these effect judicial review in particular? Lord Hoffman said: â€Å"Parliamentary sovereignty means that Parliament can, if it chooses, legislate contrary to fundamental human rightsBut the principle of legality means that Parliament must squarely confront what it is doing and accept the political costIn the absence of express language or necessary implication to the contrary, the courtspresume that even the most general were intended to be subject to the basic rights of the individual. In this way the courts of the United Kingdom, though acknowledging the sovereignty of parliament, apply principles of constitutionality little different from those which exist in countries where the power of the legislature is expressly limited by a constitutional document†.[17] In other words, the Act has changed the way in which courts now interpret legislation, and the Act is now the key interpretative document referred to.[18] However, the courts can not strike down legislation, but can merely declare it incompatible and refer it back to the legislature to determine whether, or how, they will address the incompatibility if the courts are unable to re-interpret it to cure the defect.[19] The Act has thus brought to the fore as a distinct juridical consideration how the separation of powers should be maintained within the United Kingdom.[20] However, the actual balance in terms between the judiciary and legislature has fundamentally remained in tact.[21] There has been a theoretical development: judicial review is now considered in light of human rights, and not just the enforcement of public duties.[22] Further too, the Human Rights Act will be enforced most often through judicial review proceedings.[23] In some ways the Act provides a far more limited form of judicial review. Locus standi is d ealt with in section 7 where its states that â€Å"[i]f the proceedings are brought an application for judicial review, the applicant is to be taken to have a sufficient interest in relation to the unlawful act only if he is, or would be, a victim of that act†.[24] This then means that public interest groups have to act through ‘victims’, whereas the typical procedure for judicial review does not require standing to proven at all.[25] In cognisance of the broad application of the Act, the legislature now tends to draft with the impact of the Act in mind.[26] In this way, the Act has exerted a strong human rights jurisprudence influence, but without allowing the courts to breach the principle of parliamentary sovereignty. Generally though, the impact on judicial review itself, and thus in turn parliamentary sovereignty, is minimal. Though the judiciary can declare legislation to be ‘incompatible’, it does not have the power to force the governme nt to act on this incompatibility.[27] Realistically though, the value judgment in regard to legislation in view of Human Rights interpretation that the judiciary now has, does instil the courts with a certain amount of political pressure that they never had before.[28] However, the government has expressly held that in spite of this new influence of the judiciary, they will not bend and defer to every incompatibility declaration, and in that way ‘the sovereignty of Parliament will be preserved both in principle and in practice’.[29] BIBILOGRAPHY Bakker, Rob; Heringa, Aalt Willem and Stroink, Frits (1995) ‘Judicial control: comparative essays on judicial review’ Maklu: Netherlands. Bamforth, Nicholas (1999) ‘The Application of the Human Rights Act 1998 to public authorities and private bodies’ Cambridge Law Journal 58(1), March 1999: Great Britain. Beatson, Jack (1999) ‘The Human Rights Act and the criminal justice and regulat ory process’ The University of Cambridge, Centre for Public law: United Kingdom. Department for Constitutional Affairs (2006) ‘Review of the implementation of the Human Rights Act’ accessed 10 July 2008 at https://www.dca.gov.uk/peoples-rights/human-rights/pdf/full_review.pdf. Ewing, K.D (1999) ‘The Human Rights Act and Parliamentary Democracy’ Modern Law Review 62, 79. Joint Committee on Human Rights (2004) ‘The meaning of public authority under the Human Rights Act: seventh report of session 2003-2004’ accessed 10 July 2008 at https://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/jt200304/jtselect/jtrights/39/39.pdf. Woolf, Lord (2005) ‘Has the Human Rights Act made Judicial Review Redundant?’ ALBA Annual Lecture, 23 November. Turpin, Colin and Tomkins, Adam (2007) ‘British Government and the Constitution: text and materials’ Cambridge University Press: United Kingdom. STATUTE Human Rights Act 1998. CASE LAW President of Republic of South Africa and Others v. South African Rugby Football Union and Others 2000 (1) SA 1 (CC). R v. Insurance Ombusman Bureau, ex p. Aegon Life Assurance Ltd [1994] C.L.C 88, 93. 1 Footnotes [1] Human Rights Act 1998 s.6(1). [2] Ibid s.6(3). [3] Ibid schedule 1. [4] Bamforth, N (1999) p.159. [5] Bakker, R (1995) p.154. [6] Bamforth (ibid) p.163. [7] Ibid p.160. [8] Ibid. [9] See, for instance, in South African judicial review jurisprudence President of Republic of South Africa and Others v. South African Rugby Football Union and Others 2000 (1) SA 1 (CC). [10] R v. Insurance Ombudsman Bureau, ex p. Aegon Life Assurance Ltd [1994] C.L.C 88, 93. [11] Beatson, J (1999) p.102. [12] Ibid. [13] Joint Committee on Human Rights (2004) p.16. [14] Ibid. [15] Ibid p.56. [16] Ibid. [17] Turpin, C (2007) p.62. [18] Human Rights Act (ibid) s.3. [19] Ibid s.4; Turpin (ibid) p.62. [20] Turpin (ibid) p.110. [21] Department for Constitutional Affairs (2006) p.1. [22] Woolf, L (2005) p.1. [23] Ewing, K.D (1999) p.88. [24] Human Rights Act (ibid) s.7(3). [25] Woolf (ibid) p.3. [26] Turpin (ibid) p.274. [27] Ewin g (ibid) p.92. [28] Ibid. [29] Ibid p.99.

 The Construction of Self-Ownership Free Essays

The construction of Self-ownership through reflective surfaces.None of us have ever really truly saw our faces. We saw ourselves through mirrors and reflective surfaces, which posses a primordial role for viewing the self. We will write a custom essay sample on   The Construction of Self-Ownership or any similar topic only for you Order Now But what if the mirrors we are using everyday are lying to us?Ourselves experiencing our own body is very different than imagining our body or seeing it in front of a mirror or experiencing ourselves looking out of our eyes. We are likely to experience our body as something apart from ourselves, something we have to look upon. The body seems to be more of a an external instrument for who you are than who you are. Our body is a tool where we can inhabit who we really are. Our minds fool themselves believing that this tool is who we really are, but the body is only an interim transporter for the consciousness that is looking throw our own your eyes. Our minds bear off from the truth through the our own constructions of our inner image, which is made by mirrors or other reflective surfaces. In the absence of them, we might would not know what we look like. We would just experience our persona and the environment without a full awareness of our external physical image. Our mind would still build other self-images, maybe even a made-up picture of ourselves based on how people react to us, but it would be much arduous to identify with an image that was not constantly being reinforced by mirrors. How we perceive and think about ourselves is the self-concept. Being aware of it is having a concept of ourselves, a feeling of being disconnected and divergent from others. Corporal self-consciousness refers to the awareness of the interaction of our body in space with other objects. The occurrence of seeing ourselves with a third-person point of view threw reflective surfaces or mirrors. How see ourselves through a mirror influences the representations we have of ourselves compared with an accurate third-person point of view. Mirrors are fundamental instruments for understanding and reviewing the self. Mirror reflections of one’s constitution can be identified the near person’s body space, which empowers overhauling of our bodies representations. We use mirrors for visual references and navigations of complex actions and to acknowledge ourselves. We can intuitively perceive how a mirror’s reflections relate to our real bodies when we are situated facing one. Viewing the self in a mirror of a reflective surface involves a spatial transformation process over and above pure recognition of oneself in pictures and images.We use mirrors for visual references and navigations of complex actions and to acknowledge ourselves. We can intuitively perceive how a mirror’s reflections relate to our real bodies when we are situated facing one. A spatial transformation is affecting by watching ourselves in a mirror or reflective surface, differing from the process of the recognition of the self through photographs. Mirrors poses the power to steal our peace. Some people want to feel good about themselves but what they see on a piece of metal devastates them. A lot of us can probably recall hearing someone describing themselves with a list of negative adjectives and the next step they they take is standing in front of a piece of metal and in their eyes their lives are ruined. Did this person ever saw their face with their naked eye? No. This implies that we, human beings, let myths and hypothesis dictates our lives. It is a lie that we are telling to ourselves. A piece of a metal that is a human invention and has the power to give you pain or satisfaction, amongst other positive or negative feelings. It can maybe be considered that this artefact is one of the ultimate methods of self-imposed distress due to the fact that it plays with the ones unconscious and conscious fears. As Jorge L. Borges wrote in the first paragraph of his poem â€Å"Los Espejos† (The Mirrors): â€Å"I, who have felt the horror of mirrorsNot only in front of the impenetrable crystalWhere there ends and begins, uninhabitable,An impossible space of reflections† The visual material from a mirror’s reflection of our body is directed back to the body itself in front of the mirror. During the mirror complete body illusion we do not experience a referral of touch towards the location of the observed image or feel as though we are filling the place in the same spatial position as the image that we see. Instead, due to our inherent knowledge of the mirror’s transformations, the visual content from the mirror reflection is interpreted back to our own body. The global experience of the complete body illusion is thought to comprise of diverse components. These components include referral of touch, the feeling that the touch one feels are the same as those one sees, as well as explicit feelings of ownership. The mirror surrenders us to a extracorporeal experience. The sensation of the projected out of the body and the allowance of seeing one’s own body from the point of view of an external observer or even be able to project other places. There is a confrontation to an encounter that can be claimed to be experienced as a separation or unfolding of of the body. Reflective surfaces and mirrors help us to have a relationship and connect with the person we really are as a whole being. We don’t see ourselves as someone but as an image of ourselves. We construct a subjective trace of our portraits, maybe this is the challenge we must phase. How to cite   The Construction of Self-Ownership, Papers

Warhols Portraits Essay Example For Students

Warhols Portraits Essay Some of the portraits that were done by Warhol began with Troy Donahue and Warren Beatty, and Elvis Presley. Then later on came Marilynn Monroe and Jackie Kennedy. There was also a series of car crash pictures done around this time. The Jackie Kennedy portraits were done very shortly after the assassination of President Kennedy. They mirrored the mourning face of Jackie that was shown time and time again in the media. There were eight different images that were all taken from different newspapers at the time. The number of works in this series is still unknown. Crone pg 29 The car crash pictures had an extreme amount of variation. They ranged from having one picture to a canvas to having up to twenty on the same canvas at one time. There are many different colored pictures in this set. The most major change from one to another is the background color. It is difficult for critics to place the origination of the meaning of this set of works. Crone pg 29 The series involving the electric chairs has a very serious political statement. It is a symbol of misuse of governmental sovereignty; it has also been considered and open confession of a deficiency in cultural development. Crone About the same time as the electric chair pictures were being shown there were many other quite disturbing sets of pictures being shown. They were of race riots and many were taken directly from newspaper articles of the Nazi Germany and Castros revolution in Cuba. Crone pg 29 One of the last serial sets that Warhol created before moving on from painting was of flowers. The flowers were produced in an extreme variety of sizes and quantities. These were on display in 1964. The original flowers were taken from a women magazine. Unlike most of his earlier works, these reproductions were touched up by hand on the screen. These are also different in that they do not represent anything to Warhol. They are strictly decorative. The colors used in the painting arent used to symbolize anything but just to bring out color in decoration. In all there were about nine hundred of the flower painting made in Warhols studio, The Factory. These were among the very last of Warhols paintings, in the remainder of his life he concentrated on movie making. Crone pg 30 During Warhols life his work has been controversial. He has become more recognized and famous after his death in 1987. I think that his purpose for being an artist seemed to be different from that of other artists. Im not convinced he painted and filmed for the love of the art or so much for his purpose in doing it. I think he had a message he wanted to get across and this was the medium through which he chose to express himself.

“Persepolis” Essay Example

â€Å"Persepolis† Essay â€Å"Persepolis† is a book written by author, Marjane Satrapi. This book taps at your heart strings when you read about growing up in Iran during the Islamic Revolution. The author creatively utilizes a comic strip that is basic black and white in color to demonstrate her life events in Tehran when she was a very young girl, from the age of 6 through her fourteenth birthday. We were able to learn, through her writing, about the overthrow of the Shah’s regime and also the victory of the Islamic Revolution, along with the recounts of the war with Iraq, which left horrible memories. Marjane Satrapi, being the only child of a Marxists and also being born to an ancestor who was one of Iran’s last emperors, we are able to learn so much from the author’s view of the events she witnessed. We will write a custom essay sample on â€Å"Persepolis† specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on â€Å"Persepolis† specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on â€Å"Persepolis† specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We are able to achieve a basic look at everyday life in the country of Iran, gaining a good look at the history and events during that time period, in which Marjane Satrapi, so easily describes. She allows us to gain a good idea about the public and private lives of those who reside in Iran. The author was able to witness the dethroning of emperors of Iran, as well as the cruel and inhumane whippings that were given in acts of punishment. She also tells us about some of the heroes who were involved in the revolution. She shows us the great expense of human life that was paid in her country, during this time of political repression. The author is convincing when she shows that one can use laughter to help us get through hard times and she also talks about the hardships that were sometimes so bad that she was unable to laugh. The little girl in the writing is unforgettable! The 1979 revolution was a part of history that led this author to give her accounts of Iran and it is extremely interesting to look at the little cartoon strips and get a sense of the real life that the revolution spilled upon the author. The writing of Majane Satrapi is unlike anything else, I’ve ever seen. It has combinations of laughter through the comic strips. It also pulls at your emotions as you learn about the circumstances that took place in Iran during the time, the author tells us about. You are able to see the events through the eyes of a little girl, and you want to offer help but she is so strong in her mind and will, you know that she will make it through these ordeals. The little comic strip that holds the drawing of the little girls with the head covering, displays a small child who seems much older, while the one she is shown sitting with her mother, shows great understanding. There are strips that show a leader wit his crown and the party drawings demonstrate great laughter along with others that display disappointment and contempt. The trip pictures, show fantasy and security in finding a better place and it is drawn with hope for a better future in the eyes of Marjane Satrapi. In this French, autobiographical novel, the author who was born in the year, 1969 shows how a good spirit can erect from hardships. The cover of the book shows the little drawing of the little girl, surrounded by the color, red. The drawing emits a child who is caught up in the political events that lay substantially upon her thoughts. You can see the disappointment in the girl’s expression and realize from the very beginning that the author wasn’t happy with the events that she witnessed. Throughout the pages of Marjane Satrapi’s comic strips and writing she offers her readers detailed accounts and realizing that the whippings and brutality does take place in Iran, we are able to sympathize with the writer. Satrapi offers the same drawing that decorates the front of her book in the comic strip where she is shown in the veil scenes saying, (Satrapi, 2004) â€Å"This is me when I was 10 years old. This was in 1980.† In another strip we can see what her class members looked like and it displays that they all dressed the same. She says, â€Å"This is a class photo. I’m sitting on the far left so you don’t see me.† She chooses to leave herself out of this portrayal of her class consisting of only females. She demonstrates the revolution so that a small child can understand. You can see the angry people in one of the strips, while the author writes, â€Å"In 1979 a Revolution took place. It was later called â€Å"The Islamic Revolution.† Another comic strips show when she had to start wearing the veil in 1980 and it shows a woman demanding that she and others wear the veils, while you see a curious little girl peeking over the wall, as she listens to the instructions from the school teacher, where she attends classes. One would never think that small, young girls could be so opinionated about certain events, especially in a country like Iran. But, the author is successful in showing the true nature of human beings, no matter what country they reside in. We can see the protest from the children who don’t want to wear the veils where the comic strip demonstrates the children voicing their opinions and saying, the veils make them hot and uncomfortable. The children are also seen showing contempt as they talk about freedom and humor is added when the young girl’s acts as if she’s dressing up like a monster. The children being used in these comic strips show the true vision of how they perceived the events that occurred during this time period in their country and we are able to view reality through the thoughts and portrayals of the children, who are always honest about their feelings. The writing shows how Satrapi’s parents sent her to Europe, for safety issues. Marjane Satrapi’s mother is shown to be a free thinker with her own ideas about the way a country is supposed to be ran which reflects in the thought and ideas of her daughter who held similar views. Satrapie shows her admiration for those who were imprisoned by the Shah of Iran. She is so curious about their accounts of torure in Iran. We also learn about Uncle Anoosh, who was eventually killed after he had a stay in prison. These events left a lasting impact with the writer and she is able to cope with these events through her writing. Marjane Satrapi was very educational in her writing and you can learn so much about the country of Iran by reading her accounts.   The author was courageous during her young years, and is today as she leaves behind a good look into the life in Iran.

Liberalism - A Theory of Justice and Democracy essays

Liberalism - A Theory of Justice and Democracy essays Liberalism, a theory of justice and democracy, is a philosophy that views the economy as a capitalist, self-regulating market, and liberalists believe that people in that market should have the right to own private property or their own business. They also believe that people are selfish, greedy, and materialistic, and that the role of the government should be limited. Liberalism supports equality of opportunity fully, but not so much equality of condition. As put forth by Miroff, (page 95) Liberalism is a philosophy that elevates and empowers the individual as opposed to religious, hereditary, governmental, or other forms of authority. Liberalism features a strong belief in equality and in a government role in reducing racial, class, and gender inequalities. Liberals promote government action to regulate some of the negative consequences of the corporate capitalist economy, and they defend the civil rights of cultural and political nonconformists as well as ethnic and racial minorit ies. Classical liberalism is a philosophy that emerged in Europe, liberalism empowered the individual and asserted the rights of the individual against the hereditary privilege, and the religious privilege of the clergy. Liberalism made the individual rather than the community the basis for society and government. Instead of viewing individuals as the product of political society such as the Greeks, liberalism makes society the product of individuals. It is necessary to spell out rights and duties in some detail, because liberalism viewed human beings as primarily self-interested. Liberal political principles included: 1) Individuals have basic rights of religion, thought and expression, and property, that are not to be violated by government. 2) Individuals are equal under the law; there is no distinction based on heredity or religion. 3) To safeguard rights, the government must be limited. 4) Governments are instrumental; the state exists to serve individ...

New Public Management has led to a convergence between the public and Essay

New Public Management has led to a convergence between the public and private sector and enhanced the delivery and organization of public services. Discuss - Essay Example In some public organizations when the measure of success is considered to be on the basis of powerlessness or apathy, all efforts would be geared towards this even if it compromises the quality of services given to the service users. In such instances, the traditional tools and avenues for measuring success in the business and private sector cannot be employed. While the two sectors share several similarities in terms of management methods, they are not entirely the same. This difference can only be appreciated when one accepts that the administration means as well as the values in the sectors are very much dissimilar. Ferlie et al. (2006) notes that the public sector greatly values the interest of the public and also puts emphasis on political compromise when undertaking its initiatives. On the other hand, the private entities are more focused on profitability and they therefore strive to come up with ways of management and operation that will ensure that they achieve the goals. Despite this being the case, there has been a very interesting phenomena whereby there appears to be a convergence between the public and the private sector aided by the New Public Management (NPM). This treatise discusses how this convergence has taken place and the effect it has had on the delivery and the organization of public services. Esping-Anderson (1990) remarks that in order to appreciate the effect that New Public Management has had on both the private and private sector operations, it is imperative to explore the traditional sectors and how the two operated in terms of management and priorities. Haynes (2003) says that businesses in the private sector normally engage in the creation and distribution of services and other commodities to be able to enhance the quality of life of the buyers while at the same time making profits for the shareholders. This, therefore, calls for constant innovations to reward

The global pattern of foreign direct investment in the years 2000-2011 Essay

The global pattern of foreign direct investment in the years 2000-2011 - Essay Example Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) is perceived as one of the important measures of increasing economic globalization. As because of increasing globalization and international trade, transnational corporations (TNCs) are able to invest in different overseas projects and shift their operations to different regions of the world (Globerman, & Shapiro, 2003). It is important to understand and analyze the concept of the foreign direct investment as it is directly related with the globalization in the today’s world (Noorbakhsh, Paloni, & Youssef, 2001). Because of increasing globalization and international trade, more and more foreign investors are investing their money in different projects overseas. It is important to notice that overall foreign direct investment (FDI) increased to around $ 33 billion in the year 2008 as compared to $ 5 billion in the year 2000 (UNCTAD, 2010). However, there was sharp decline in global foreign direct investment (FDI) in the year 2009 to around $ 28 b illion. This was because of the global economic recession. Overall economic recession and downturn forced the transnational corporations (TNCs) to cut down their overall investments and expenditures which in turn negatively influenced the global foreign direct investment (FDI). Most of these foreign direct investments (FDI) are directed towards the developing countries and least developed countries. The multinational corporations (MNCs) and transnational corporations (TNCs) are looking forward to exploit the abundance of low priced resources of these developing and under developed countries and thus shift more operations in these countries. Therefore, foreign investment flows from the developed countries towards least developed countries (Chakrabarti, 2001). The third world and developing countries are enriched with the resource of foreign direct investment (FDI). In the year 2010, overall global foreign direct investment (FDI) almost remained constant and reflected only a growth of around 0.7 percent. However, in the same year the foreign direct investment (FDI) to the developing countries increased by around 10 percent. Foreign direct investment (FDI) is important in order to maintain consistent growth and development all over the world (Blonigen, 2005). This facilitates the process of transferring the resources and funds from more developed countries to developing countries. Investors from developed countries are able to take advantage of relatively cheaper and low cost labour and other resources in the third world countries; while at the same time the third world countries are able to gain from the foreign investment which helps them in improving the overall economic condition (Neuhaus, 2005). For this very reason, many third world and developing countries have come up with different methods and strategies for attracting more foreign direct investment (FDI). For example, trade free zones, special tariffs, and easy regulations for foreign investors. Owing t o the high importance of the topic and the strong relation of the topic with the globalization and overall global economic condition, in this report an attempt has been made to analyze and evaluate

The Different Kinds Of Truth Philosophy Essay

The Different Kinds Of Truth Philosophy Essay There are two different kind of truth which is something that is true and something that is believed to be true. We must accept the idea that man can acquire all kind of truth but let us not mix them up. We would risk that the mixture will dissolve them up. Truth consists in the agreement of our thought with reality. The Aristotelian definition of truth states  [1]  : To say of something which is that it is not, or to say of something which is not that it is, is false. However, to say of something which is that it is, or of something which is not that it is not, is true. A belief is called true if it agrees with a fact or stated otherwise  [2]  . Beliefs determine how we see, interact and experience the world around us. Beliefs are ideas that are made after repetition and contemplation, that are accepted as truth and reality and therefore impact how we see life  [3]  . Believes and truth are often in conflict. For something to be true it must be public, eternal, and independent. By using different way of knowing such as reason, emotion, perception and language it can help us to distinguish the truth. Some knowledge can be taught and some we learn by our self through a process of reasoning. In our daily life, sometimes our logical thinking affects our believed about something. The fact is our logical thinking based on our experiences. Our reasoning is based on our pass experiences and from that we make a generalization. It is just the matter of how far our logical thinking based on our experiences can distort our attempt to distinguish between truth and believed truth. By putting down your hand into hot fire thus teaches us not to do it again. The implication of reasoning is of the greatest importance because it comes from our inner instincts. Logic attempts to help us determine whether our argument is true or false, or whether it is logical. Based on pass experience, it is logical if we tend not to do the same mistake by putting hand on fire because it is painful. Similarly with the truth, we tend to be selective in choosing knowledge based on our pass experienced and logical thinking. Sometimes mistake do happen during the process because we are easily influenced by our surrounding. The last question that will be dealt with is the question of what people know. According to the psychologist Jean Piaget  [4]  Ã‚  certainly regarded thinking as secondary to the actions of the intelligence. For him, logic was a science of pure forms, structures simply representing the processes of thought. As for me, logic was too narrow, arid and mechanical to properly represent human thought processes. Therefore, I can say that the truth which is true and believed to be true is not conforms and affirms through logic as ways of knowing alone because human have many limitations to count of. Logic work alone cannot really distinguish between something that is true and something that is believed to be true. Is emotion is the effective way? For some people, emotion plays an important role when it comes to decision making. Whether we like it or not, our emotion is depending on degree of logic that is include during the process of decision making. Imagine if you are a doctor and you have two make a decision whether to give a kidney to two of your patients who suffer kidney failure. One of the patients is your family. Which one would you give the kidney? Would the priority go to your family? The doctor tends to be bias if the decision made is involving with emotion. If I was the doctor, I would personally give the kidney to my family. But, based on what reason? The only reason why is because of strong love emotion. We tend to be bias in the process of seeking the truth because of our emotion. Based on scientific explanation, emotional situation triggers the release of chemicals in the bloodstream that alter the functioning of the brains neurons and other bodily functions as well. In effect, the situation requires some special behavior different from what we would do in the normal course of events. We only accept truth that will give us pleasure and make us happy. Emotional states seem to occur when things of particular importance occur in our lives. The neurobiologist Antonio Damasio  [5]  (1994) provides a somatic marker hypothesis  [6]   which explains how emotions make decision making possible. The doctor try to believe by giving the kidney to his family will save her/his live by ignoring the other patience live. How the doctor would know which operation will succeed? In this situation, we can say that the doctor is in believed truth. Thus, we can conclude that emotions are ordinarily conceived as irrational occurrences that cloud judgment and distort reasoning. It would be better if we separate our emotion when make a judgment. However it is impossible to that. Some philosophers, particularly those identifying themselves as postmodernists  [7]  , assert that truth is not absolute, but depends upon the individual point of view. Perception is one the ways of knowing that can help us to distinguish the knowledge whether it is true or just believed to be true. Everyone has different perception regarding on certain thing depends on own personal background, knowledge, experiences and our perceptions grow as we mature. I still remember during my childhood, my mom always told me to finish my meals or else the unfinished foods will cry. To be frankly, I believe on what my mom had told me. As I grow, I know that the foods will never cry as it is non-living thing. It just my mums trick to make sure I finished my meal. The perception of children will not be the same as adult. The problem is our perception constantly changing as we increase the scope of our knowledge. Thats why in science subjects we always come across with the term evolution and revolution. As scientist doing more research, they found that the previous theories are no longer applicable to support their new discovery. During the 20th century, in the history of biology, biologists mostly accepted that living organisms is classified into five kingdoms  [8]  . However, in 1978 the American Biologist Carl Woese  [9]  proposed a three domain classification. From the example and explanation above, we can conclude that our perception is not fixed and differ from one another. But without perception, it is hard for us to differentiate the truth. Last but not least, we can use language as one of the way of knowing to help us distinguish whether the truth are the real truth or believed to be the truth. According to R.A Hall: language is the institution whereby humans communicate and interact with each other by means of habitually used oral-auditory arbitrary symbols  [10]  . Language plays an important role in our lives in seeking the truth. Language allows us to form statement, express concept and our idea. Let we take the example of a statement all bird can fly. From the statement, we can express our idea to other people that all type of birds has the ability to fly. Imagine how could we explain the word bird, all, fly without word? Without the  statements it would be hard to organize our ideas and to then determine if these ideas are true or only we believe them to be true. We could use other alternative such as gesture, sounds and drawing to represent our ideas. As it connected to the ideas that they portray they als o become part of the language. The statements created by language help us to determine if an idea in true or not. Since a sentence expresses the relationship between objects we can check the validity of the statement. If ostrich cannot fly, then we can prove the statement all bird can fly is not true. The presence of evidence can always prove the statement is false then we know the statement is not true. The problem with language is sometimes it is misinterpreted due to the word that has many different meaning. For example the word gampang. For Indonesian it means easy but for Malaysian it is insulting. Admittedly, all knowledge could be regarded as a combination of truth and believed truth, and since all information needs to pass our subjective minds to become knowledge. By using the four ways of knowing logic, emotion, perception and language can helps us to distinguish the truth. One ways of knowing stand alone to distinguish the truth and believed truth would not be very fruitful. 1450 words.

Process of Creativity :: essays research papers

The Process of Creativity The following is taken from Duane and Sarah Preble’s ARTFORMS, 5th edition. Footnotes and endnotes are omitted for ease of reading. Erich Fromm said, Creativity is an Attitude. We all have the potential to be creative, yet most of us were not encouraged to develop our creativity. We can do so by becoming willing to explore new relationships and insights. The source of all art, science and technology --- in fact, all of human civilizations --- is creative imagination, or creative thinking. As scientist Albert Einstein declared, â€Å"Imagination is more important than knowledge.† What do we mean by this ability we call creativity? Psychologist Erich Fromm wrote: In talking about creativity, let us first consider its two possible meanings: Creativity in the sense of creating something new, something which can be seen or heard by others, such as a painting, a sculpture, a symphony, a poem, a novel, etc., or creativity as an attitude, which is the condition of any creation in the former sense but which can exist even though nothing new is created in the world of things†¦ What is creativity? The best general answer I can give is that creativity is the ability to see (or to be aware) and to respond. Creativity is as fundamental to experiencing and appreciating a work of art as it is to making one. Insightful seeing is itself a creative act; it requires open receptivity --- putting aside habitual modes of thought. Studies of creativity have described traits of people who have maintained or rediscovered the creative attitude. These include the abilities to: ïÆ'˜Â  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  wonder and be curious ïÆ'˜Â  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  be open to new experience ïÆ'˜Â  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  see the familiar from an unfamiliar point of view ïÆ'˜Â  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  take advantage of accidental events ïÆ'˜Â  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  make one thing out of another by shifting its function ïÆ'˜Â  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  generalize from particulars in order to see broad applications ïÆ'˜Â  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  synthesize, integrate and find order in disorder ïÆ'˜Â  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  be in touch with unconscious sources, yet be intensely conscious ïÆ'˜Â  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  know oneself, have the courage to be oneself in the face of opposition ïÆ'˜Â  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  be willing to take risks ïÆ'˜Â  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  be persistent: to work for long periods ---- perhaps years ---- in pursuit of a goal The creative process of ten begins when on is inspired by an idea or faced with a problem. It can start with something as simple as â€Å"fooling around.† There are as many ways to create as there are creative people, but creative processes generally have certain sequential characteristics in common: 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Preparation - Framing or formulating the question(s) may be the most important step; information is gathered and open-minded exploration takes place.

The Word “Ghetto”

A word’s meaning can usually be traced back for hundreds of years. Over such long periods of time, words become manipulated, many times to the point where the meaning changes entirely. This is the case with the word â€Å"ghetto. † The word ghetto can be traced all the way back into the 1500’s. This word has infiltrated itself into today’s society and culture seamlessly. However the current definition of the word is far from what the original definition was. Perhaps due to the connection that the word ghetto has with urban culture, the word has evolved over time to have a more positive, less intolerant meaning.The word ghetto, which would come to be used throughout Europe to describe communities of isolated minority groups, originated in Venice in the 1500’s. According to the Oxford English Dictionary a ghetto was â€Å"The quarter in a city, chiefly in Italy, to which the Jews were restricted† (OED). In 16th century Italy, Pope Paul IV estab lished ghettos in Venice as a place of confinement for Jews. His main goal was to gain maximum economic advantage from the Jews’ presence while ensuring minimal social contact with Jewish people.In 1516, seven hundred Jews were forced to move to one small part of Venice, then an abandoned site of a 14th-century foundry that produced cannons. This area known as the â€Å"Geto† was an old Venetian dialect for â€Å"foundry† from the Italian verb gettare which means to pour or to cast, while the island across from it on which waste products had been dumped became known as â€Å"Il terrneo del Ghetto. † The word ghetto in its new usage did not remain long confined to the city of Venice. Generalization of the term helped the word to include all enclosed quarters of Jews in Europe.By the Pope’s edict, Jews remained enclosed in ghettos for two centuries until 1797, when Napoleon and the French army invaded Italy. At that time the ghettos were disbanded an d the Jewish people who lived in them were allowed to go wherever they pleased (holocaustresearchproject). Having immigrated to new countries, Jews tended to congregate in particular areas of a town or a city even when no longer forced to do so as did many minority groups living in a foreign country. This was a matter of choice. The Nazi’s eliminated the choice. â€Å"Ghettoisation† appeared in the countries occupied by Germany during World War II.After their 1939 invasion of Poland, Germans tried to control the sizable Jewish population by forcing Jews, and also Gypsies, to reside in marked-off sections of towns and cities the Nazis called â€Å"ghettos. † Altogether the Germans created at least 1000 ghettos. The largest was in Warsaw, Poland, which was the location from where the Nazis transported more than 300,000 prisoners to death camps. The Warsaw Ghetto was also the site of the largest and most significant Jewish uprising, and the first urban uprising in German occupied Europe (holocaustresearchproject).The Germans usually marked off the oldest and most run down areas of a city for a ghetto site. Thus the word â€Å"Ghetto† came to be associated with cramped dilapidated housing, appalling sanitary conditions, inadequate and poor food quality, absence of medical supplies and facilities that were all common aspects of ghetto living. Inhabitants often died of starvation, disease and exhaustion within the ghetto. These connotations remained attached to the word ghetto even up until modern times. In America, the word changed and evolved.Today, the term ghetto applies primarily to blacks in Northern U. S. cities. While all major immigrant groups coming into the U. S. establish their own residential areas, blacks ended up more segregated then most. Scholars have argued over whether or not poverty created ghettos in America or whether the ghettos created poverty. In any event, the connotation of the word ghetto in America became asso ciated with large-scale housing projects and inner city neighborhoods inhabited by black people who suffer from harsh living conditions.Because of such harsh living conditions, these areas have become notorious for crime, drugs, and violence. Thus the connotation of the word ghetto in America has stayed true to its original usage. It is used to this day to describe places of racial segregation (bos. frb. org). While the word ghetto still is associated with impoverished living environments, perhaps because of gentrification the word ghetto has come to have positive slang connotations as well.For example, the Oxford English Dictionary (OED) defines the expression â€Å"ghetto fabulous† or â€Å"ghetto fab† as â€Å"an ostentatious or flamboyant lifestyle or manner of dress, associated with the hip-hop subculture and characterized as a marker of status in economically disadvantaged urban neighborhoods. † This is a perfect example of how the way we use the word ghet to has changed dramatically over time. The word became part of hip-hop culture in the 1990’s. It was used in a good way for the first time.To describe someone who wanted to be part of that way of life as â€Å"ghetto† or â€Å"ghetto fab† was a complement. It was something that the world had never seen before. The creation of slang words and expressions is one of the ways that language changes over time. A group will use a certain word and after time, it may become widely used. Then it can become a part of most people’s vocabulary. Instead of being a noun with the most negative connotations of poverty disease and even death, the word ghetto is currently used as an adjective to label certain clothing, style, and even attitudes.There are certain brands of clothes that in many cases are described as ghetto. This could be because of the way they look (baggy, brightly colored) or because of the fact that the people who wear them frequently live in urban areas. The word ghetto is used for many reasons. Due to our culture and our society many times the word gains negative meaning. Generalizations may cause people to believe that people from the ghetto have less moral values than someone from out of the ghetto. However, the true definition of the word says nothing about morality.Although the word has a myriad of meanings, it is still understood in a variety of conversations (123helpme). Did the word ghetto really go from being such a negative term to such a positive one while somehow still maintaining part of its original meaning? That’s exactly what the word has done. The bridge between the two polar opposite meanings can probably be attributed to the fact that each has something to do with the city or urban areas. This is just about the most ameliorated a word could ever get.After a few centuries of word evolution, the word ghetto has become part of our culture in a positive way, rather than a negative one. The word has been throug h an incredible amount of semantic change. Through the process of broadening, the word has gained many new meanings. It no longer describes a quarter of an Italian city in which Jews were forced to stay in. It no longer has to describe a run down, over populated city such as Brooklyn, New York. The word ghetto can be used as an adjective now. It can be used to positively describe someone or something.Semantic changes such as broadening and generalization have brought about countless new usages and meanings to what was once a very specialized word (COHA) The word has been altered over time to become much more of a slang term. Many would argue that this term has become slang because of the way it is used by the younger generations. While it shouldn’t be considered a totally different word, the word ghetto represents entirely different meaning then it used to. The word has been used in and seen in such a wide variety of ways that it rarely gets used to describe what it was nitia lly meant to. The real meaning of the word ghetto does not mean much anymore because there is no longer a place where Jews are forced to live or for that matter a place where any group or minority is forced to live. The word now depicts a disadvantaged section of a city or town. The word ghetto was used in America most frequently in the 1970’s. Before that it was probably used a lot more internationally due to the fact that most ghettos in America did not exist until around the 1950’s. In the 1970’s the word is used with certain words very frequently.For example the words â€Å"black,† â€Å"boxed-in,† and â€Å"community. † However over time and into the 21st century the word is used less and less. While the usage decreases, the meaning changes. Today, we see the word ghetto used with words and phrases such as â€Å"fabulous,† â€Å"pimp,† â€Å"track-suit,† and â€Å"gangsta† (COHA). Its evident that as time goe s on, the meaning of the word ghetto is being altered tremendously. The word ghetto is a word that has an important place in not only today’s world, but also in the past. The word contains tremendous meaning for certain groups of people throughout history.For most of these people the word isn’t something they consider a noble word or a cheerful word at all. The people who know best what this word means are the people who experienced the Ghetto, the people who were confined, and people who were restricted. These people couldn’t experience the outside world. They were stuck in what is now defined by the OED as â€Å"the part of the city, especially a slum area, occupied by a minority group or groups. † The term was originally used in Venice, Italy to describe the place where the Jews were meant to live.Eventually the term became widespread. Now used not just for areas where minorities live, but also for poorer areas in general. The word went through the sem antic change of broadening. Ultimately, more than just Europeans in the old world used the word. In later years, the Venetian origin of the word â€Å"ghetto† came to be forgotten, as it was used exclusively in its secondary meaning as referring to compulsory, segregated and enclosed Jewish quarters, and then in a looser sense, to refer to any area densely populated by Jews.Eventually â€Å"ghetto became the general designation for areas densely inhabited by minority groups, almost always for socioeconomic reasons, rather than legal ones as had been the case with the initial Jewish ghetto. Interestingly enough, the word â€Å"ghetto† can be described as a colloquialism, but can just as easily be used as slang. The fact is no one changed the meaning of the word on purpose. This is what happens to words over time. They change meaning time and time again. The word ghetto is no different. The word is a perfect example of language and how it is ever changing.

The First Reptiles and Their Evolution

Everyone agrees how the old story goes: Fish evolved into tetrapods, tetrapods evolved into amphibians, and amphibians evolved into reptiles. Its a gross oversimplification, of course—for example, fish, tetrapods, amphibians,  and reptiles coexisted for tens of millions of years—but itll do for our purposes. For many students of prehistoric life, the last link in this chain is the most important, since the dinosaurs, pterosaurs, and marine reptiles of the Mesozoic Era all descended from ancestral reptiles. Before proceeding, though, its important to define what the word reptile means. According to biologists, the single defining characteristic of reptiles is that they lay hard-shelled eggs on dry land as opposed to amphibians, which must lay their softer, more permeable eggs in water. Secondarily, compared with amphibians, reptiles have armored or scaly skin, which protects them from dehydration in the open air; larger, more muscular legs; slightly bigger brains; and lung-powered respiration though no diaphragms, which were a later evolutionary development. First Reptile Depending on how strictly you define the term, there are two prime candidates for the first-ever reptile. One is the early Carboniferous Period (about 350 million years ago) Westlothiana, from Europe, which laid leathery eggs but otherwise had an amphibian anatomy, especially pertaining to its wrists and skull. The other, more widely accepted candidate is Hylonomus, which lived about 35 million years after Westlothiana and resembled the small, skittery lizard you run across in pet stores. This is simple enough, as far as it goes, but once you get past Westlothiana and Hylonomus, the story of reptile evolution gets much more complicated. Three distinct reptilian families appeared during the Carboniferous and Permian periods. Anapsids such as Hylonomus had solid skulls, which provided little latitude for the attachment of robust jaw muscles; the skulls of synapsids sported single holes on either side; and the skulls of diapsids had two holes on each side. These lighter skulls, with their multiple attachment points, proved to be good templates for later evolutionary adaptations. Why is this important? Anapsid, synapsid, and diapsid reptiles pursued very different paths toward the start of the Mesozoic Era. Today, the only living relatives of the anapsids are turtles and tortoises, though the exact nature of this relationship is hotly disputed by paleontologists. The synapsids spawned one extinct reptilian line, the pelycosaurs, the most famous example of which was Dimetrodon, and another line, the therapsids, which evolved into the first mammals of the Triassic Period. Finally, the diapsids evolved into the first archosaurs, which then split off into dinosaurs, pterosaurs, crocodiles, and probably marine reptiles such as plesiosaurs and ichthyosaurs. Lifestyles Whats of interest here is the obscure group of lizard-like reptiles that succeeded Hylonomus and preceded these better-known and much larger beasts. Its not that solid evidence is lacking; plenty of obscure reptiles have been discovered in Permian and Carboniferous fossil beds, especially in Europe. But most of these reptiles look so similar that attempting to distinguish between them can be an eye-rolling exercise. Classification of these animals is a matter of debate, but heres an attempt to simplify: Captorhinids, exemplified by Captorhinus and Labidosaurus, are the most basal, or primitive, reptile family yet identified, only recently evolved from amphibian ancestors such as Diadectes and Seymouria. As far as paleontologists can tell, these anapsid reptiles went on to spawn both synapsid therapsids and diapsid archosaurs.Procolophonians were plant-eating anapsid reptiles that (as mentioned above) might have been ancestral to modern turtles and tortoises. Among the better-known genera are Owenetta and Procolophon.Pareiasaurids were much larger anapsid reptiles that counted among the biggest land animals of the Permian Period, the two best-known genera being Pareiasaurus and Scutosaurus. Over their reign, Pareiasaurs evolved elaborate armor, which still didnt prevent them from going extinct 250 million years ago.Millerettids were small, lizard-like reptiles that subsisted on insects and also went extinct at the end of the Permian Period. The two best-known terrestrial milleretids were Eunotosaurus and Milleretta; an ocean-dwelling variant, Mesosaurus, was one of the first reptiles to de-evolve to a marine lifestyle. Finally, no discussion of ancient reptiles is complete without a shout-out to the flying diapsids, a family of small Triassic reptiles that evolved butterfly-like wings and glided from tree to tree. True one-offs and well out of the mainstream of diapsid evolution, the likes of Longisquama and Hypuronector must have been a sight to see as they fluttered high overhead. These reptiles were closely related to another obscure diapsid branch, the tiny monkey lizards such as Megalancosaurus and Drepanosaurus that also lived high in trees but lacked the ability to fly.