Frederick Douglass and Olaudah Equiano - 2598 Words

Mahatma Gandhi once said, The moment the slave resolves that he will no longer be a slave, his fetters fall...freedom and slavery are mental states. This simple quote symbolizes the lives of Frederick Douglass and Olaudah Equiano. Both of which were slaves who tried to free themselves. Both Douglass and Equiano have wrote a narrative about their lives, however, each one is different in its own unique way. From the bonds of slavery on a plantation to the call of freedom from the north, his life was filled with hopes of improvement for both himself as well as his fellow slaves. Frederick Douglass was an unusual character. Even in the bonds of slavery, he didnt consider himself to be owned by anyone else. His mind and soul were his own†¦show more content†¦Mr. Auld told his wife that teaching a slave to read would make him discontented and unhappy. This statement only further whetted Fredricks ambition to learn to read and write. His plan to get the local children to teach him was quite ingenious. Fredrick was also very dedicated to learning to write. The fact that he would practice with his young masters schoolbooks was very risky and daring. If he had been found out, he would have been severely punished for the crime of learning. Mr. Auld was right; Fredrick did become discontented and dreamed of a way to improve his standing in life. Fredrick also didnt keep his dream to himself. He taught other slaves how to read and even tried to form an escape party with his fellow slaves. Being able to read clearly changed Fredrick Douglass life and gave him the courage to escape his bonds of slavery. Fredrick was also lucky in the fact that he was able to work in the city most of his time as a slave. Fredrick once compared a city slave to a freeman. City slaves almost always had enough to eat and looked respectable at all times because their masters wouldnt want to lose face in their society. The work also wasnt as hard for a city slave as a slave out on the plantations. The city slaves werent worked from sun-up to sunset and were given decent quarters to sleep in. Some of the city slaves even developed a trade. Fredrick learned to work in shipyards as aShow MoreRelatedThe Life Of Frederick Douglass And Olaudah Equiano1398 Words   |  6 Pagespeople a way to see life through their eyes. Frederick Douglass and Olaudah Equiano were two slaves during those times that were forced into the world of slavery. Frederick Douglass’s â€Å"Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass An American Slave† and Olaudah Equiano’s â€Å"The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano† are literary pieces that talk about their views, experiences, and ideas in relation to slavery. The narratives of Douglass and Equiano offer true records of life as a slave. InRead MoreOlaudah Equiano, Frederick Douglass And Harriet Jacobs Essay1622 Words   |  7 Pageswritten by Olaudah Equiano, Frederick Douglass and Harriet Jacobs. Although Olaudah Equiano was not directly involved in American slavery, several aspects of The Life of Olaudah Equiano can be used to understand why the institution lasted so long. A major part of the novel was dedicated to counter one of the major propagating ideas of slavery: the widespread myth that Africans were either not fully human or were of a less developed branch of humanity so enslaving them was moral. Equiano spends theRead MoreSlaves Narratives: Frederick Douglass, Olaudah Equiano Essay1477 Words   |  6 PagesSojourner Truth, Frederick Douglass, and Olaudah Equiano all have extremely interesting slave narratives. During their lives, they faced plenty of racist discrimination and troubling moments. They were all forced into slavery at an awfully young age and they all had to fight for their freedom. In 1797, Truth was born into slavery in New York with the name of Isabella Van Wagener. She was a slave for most of her life and eventually got emancipated. Truth was an i mmense women’s suffrage activist. SheRead MoreFrederick Douglass Vs. Olaudah Equiano Slave Narratives Essay2001 Words   |  9 PagesFrederick Douglass vs. Olaudah Equiano Slave Narratives   Ã‚  Ã‚   According to Abraham Lincoln, â€Å"Slavery is founded on the selfishness of man’s nature; opposition to it on his love of justice†. Frederick Douglass published a book on his life that he wrote in 1845, titled â€Å"Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass†. It has been said that he followed in the footsteps of Olaudah Equiano who also written an autobiography known as â€Å"Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano in 1789. In the book the â€Å"NarrativeRead MoreThe Classic Slave Narratives: Harriet Jacobs, Frederick Douglass and Olaudah Equiano1985 Words   |  8 PagesThe book The Classic Slave Narratives is a collection of narratives that includes the historical enslavement experiences in the lives of the former slaves Harriet Jacobs, Frederick Douglass, and Olaudah Equiano. They all find ways to advocate for themselves to protect them from some of the horrors of slavery, such as sexual abuse, verbal abuse, imprisonment, beatings, torturi ng, killings and the nonexistence of civil rights as Americans or rights as human beings. Also, their keen wit and intelligenceRead MoreOlaudah Equiano, A British Slave, And Frederick Douglass And Harriet Jacobs, American Slaves Essay1737 Words   |  7 PagesThe autobiographies of Olaudah Equiano, a British slave, and Frederick Douglass and Harriet Jacobs, American slaves, highlight the transition from the institution of British slavery pre-American Revolution to the 18th and 19th century American plantation slavery. The explicit differences between the two systems suggest unique factors that either promoted or hindered each institution. In Britain, slavery was generally driven by economic factors that relied on trained labor. Growth and expansion ofRead MoreAdvocates for the Abolition of Slavery: Olaudah Equiano vs. Fredirck Douglass902 Words   |  4 Pagesslaves Frederick Douglass and Olaudah Equiano documented their horrifying experiences and published accounts of them. The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass and The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano highlight the cruelty towards slaves during the era of realism. Although these autobiographies contain many similarities in the manner of their composure, including abolitionist motives and a focus on the separation of families, the dissimilar lives of Equiano and Douglass exposeRead MoreOlaudah Equiano s The Slave Of The European Essay1711 Words   |  7 Pageseating. This indeed was often the case with myself † Teasley 4 (quizlet.com). Olaudah-Equiano’s previous master treated him with respect and really took care of him, however once he was a slave of the European’s he and all of the other slaves were treated inhumanely. Once Equiano enters this environment, he was immediately terrified because he was not use to the form of treatment he was receiving. In addition, Equiano thought of jumping off the ship, but the slaveholders watched him and others tooRead MoreThe Great Challenge For Marginalized Writers Essay1681 Words   |  7 Pagesaudience towards their viewpoint without appearing too critical of the dominant culture. Additionally, minorities faced another challenge because they had to prove their credibility for writing their stories in the first place. Frederick Douglass, Harriet Jacobs, and Olaudah Equiano relied on prefaces, appeals for morality, and Christianity to establish a connection with their audience. All three writers used ethos, logos, and pathos to persuade the audie nce towards their perspective. Once they had createdRead More Interpretations of Slavery Essay3734 Words   |  15 Pageswell as the authors personal experiences and tragedies. Three very influential slave narratives were written by Gustavas Vassa, Frederick Douglass and Harriet Jacobs. Vassa wrote in an earlier period so his writing was not openly hostile toward slavery. Instead, he carefully called for an end to slavery by comparing African slavery to Western slavery. Frederick Douglass wrote his narrative in 1845 and attempted to make clear that the slavery issue was a test of American Democracy. He wanted people

Defining public authority and public function - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1624 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Analytical essay Tags: Act Essay Did you like this example? 211188 A. When deciding whether or not the courts have adopted a coherent approach to defining â€Å"public authority† and â€Å"public function†, one must first look to the section of the Human Rights Act 1998 (â€Å"the Act†) which addresses this. In section 6, the Act holds that â€Å"[i]t is unlawful for a public authority to act in a way which is incompatible with a Convention right†.[1] It goes on to qualify what it means by â€Å"public authority† by adding that this term will include a court or tribunal, and any person whose function is a function of a public nature, but does not include the House of parliament or those exercising parliamentary functions.[2] The Convention rights are included as well, and consist of various fundamental human rights such as fair trial rights; the right to education etc.[3] The Act is therefore a broad protection of fundamental rights, and it is thus incredibly pertinent to dete rmine the exact nature of the horizontal and vertical application of the provisions.[4] This is especially in light of the suspicions many European countries have in regard to the extent to which the European Court of Human Rights can extend its influence not only into the judiciary, but into the legislature as well.[5] In light of the importance of the possible effects of this Act, there have actually been multiple methods used to interpret this section. The broadest interpretation as to the scope of â€Å"public authorities† has been adopted by Sir William Wade – because section 6 (3) includes courts and tribunals, he asserts this means that, regardless of the parties before the court, the court will always be subject to the Act.[6] This means that, horizontally, the Act will be used to determine widely to private bodies as well. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Defining public authority and public function" essay for you Create order However, this interpretation seems to both ignore the â€Å"function† as mentioned in section 6 (1), as well as the fact that, if the Act was meant to apply to all disputes before a court, the Legislature would not have needed to include the term â€Å"public authority† at all. When passing the Act, the Ministers involved held that â€Å"public authority† should generally be given a wide meaning, and be determined on a case by case basis.[7] In drafting, it was established that this should be done by reference to â€Å"public function†.[8] This method of looking at the function, rather than nature, of the office concerned is a method adopted by many jurisdictions when considering the issues of judicial review, and seems true to the legislature’s intention due to their express inclusion of the term â€Å"function† in section 6 (1).[9] In practice though, the courts tend to look at both the source and the nature of the power.[10] For inst ance, in situations where the power arose from a private contract, it will generally not be considered sufficiently â€Å"public† to fall under the Act, regardless of the function.[11] However, this approach seems to be diverting from the broad application originally intended and suggested by the Lord Chancellor in regard to scope.[12] There are â€Å"pure† public authority’s, which tend to be defined narrowly on the source of the power acted upon, but â€Å"functional† public authorities are more broadly defined in practice by the courts.[13] Because of this variance in tests and lack of coherence in definition, there are often instances where private bodies are essentially acting as public authorities, but the public are not protected by the rights enshrined under the Act due to the seemingly irrelevant â€Å"†¦criterion of the body’s administrative links with institutions of the State†.[14] These definitions then lead to uncertain ty as to the application of the Act, as well as the extent to which human rights are practically protected in the United Kingdom. In investigating this concern, the suggestion has been made that there must be intervention into the case law to develop the jurisprudence.[15] The House of Lord’s has submitted that a body isâ€Å"†¦performing a public function under section 6(3)(b) of the Human Rights Act where it exercises a function that has its origin in governmental responsibilities, in such a way as to compel individual’s to rely on that body for realisation of their Convention human rights†.[16] This apparent compromise both recognises the reality of the function (i.e. in practice, what type of power is being exerted?), while also appreciating the necessity for advancing human rights and providing for certainty in jurisprudence. B. The Human Rights Act has clear application in regard to judicial review in the United Kingdom, but there are questio ns as to the extent of the impact. The Act has incorporated into the United Kingdom human rights principles which must be applied within domestic cases, but how do these effect judicial review in particular? Lord Hoffman said: â€Å"Parliamentary sovereignty means that Parliament can, if it chooses, legislate contrary to fundamental human rightsBut the principle of legality means that Parliament must squarely confront what it is doing and accept the political costIn the absence of express language or necessary implication to the contrary, the courtspresume that even the most general were intended to be subject to the basic rights of the individual. In this way the courts of the United Kingdom, though acknowledging the sovereignty of parliament, apply principles of constitutionality little different from those which exist in countries where the power of the legislature is expressly limited by a constitutional document†.[17] In other words, the Act has changed the way in which courts now interpret legislation, and the Act is now the key interpretative document referred to.[18] However, the courts can not strike down legislation, but can merely declare it incompatible and refer it back to the legislature to determine whether, or how, they will address the incompatibility if the courts are unable to re-interpret it to cure the defect.[19] The Act has thus brought to the fore as a distinct juridical consideration how the separation of powers should be maintained within the United Kingdom.[20] However, the actual balance in terms between the judiciary and legislature has fundamentally remained in tact.[21] There has been a theoretical development: judicial review is now considered in light of human rights, and not just the enforcement of public duties.[22] Further too, the Human Rights Act will be enforced most often through judicial review proceedings.[23] In some ways the Act provides a far more limited form of judicial review. Locus standi is d ealt with in section 7 where its states that â€Å"[i]f the proceedings are brought an application for judicial review, the applicant is to be taken to have a sufficient interest in relation to the unlawful act only if he is, or would be, a victim of that act†.[24] This then means that public interest groups have to act through ‘victims’, whereas the typical procedure for judicial review does not require standing to proven at all.[25] In cognisance of the broad application of the Act, the legislature now tends to draft with the impact of the Act in mind.[26] In this way, the Act has exerted a strong human rights jurisprudence influence, but without allowing the courts to breach the principle of parliamentary sovereignty. Generally though, the impact on judicial review itself, and thus in turn parliamentary sovereignty, is minimal. Though the judiciary can declare legislation to be ‘incompatible’, it does not have the power to force the governme nt to act on this incompatibility.[27] Realistically though, the value judgment in regard to legislation in view of Human Rights interpretation that the judiciary now has, does instil the courts with a certain amount of political pressure that they never had before.[28] However, the government has expressly held that in spite of this new influence of the judiciary, they will not bend and defer to every incompatibility declaration, and in that way ‘the sovereignty of Parliament will be preserved both in principle and in practice’.[29] BIBILOGRAPHY Bakker, Rob; Heringa, Aalt Willem and Stroink, Frits (1995) ‘Judicial control: comparative essays on judicial review’ Maklu: Netherlands. Bamforth, Nicholas (1999) ‘The Application of the Human Rights Act 1998 to public authorities and private bodies’ Cambridge Law Journal 58(1), March 1999: Great Britain. Beatson, Jack (1999) ‘The Human Rights Act and the criminal justice and regulat ory process’ The University of Cambridge, Centre for Public law: United Kingdom. Department for Constitutional Affairs (2006) ‘Review of the implementation of the Human Rights Act’ accessed 10 July 2008 at https://www.dca.gov.uk/peoples-rights/human-rights/pdf/full_review.pdf. Ewing, K.D (1999) ‘The Human Rights Act and Parliamentary Democracy’ Modern Law Review 62, 79. Joint Committee on Human Rights (2004) ‘The meaning of public authority under the Human Rights Act: seventh report of session 2003-2004’ accessed 10 July 2008 at https://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/jt200304/jtselect/jtrights/39/39.pdf. Woolf, Lord (2005) ‘Has the Human Rights Act made Judicial Review Redundant?’ ALBA Annual Lecture, 23 November. Turpin, Colin and Tomkins, Adam (2007) ‘British Government and the Constitution: text and materials’ Cambridge University Press: United Kingdom. STATUTE Human Rights Act 1998. CASE LAW President of Republic of South Africa and Others v. South African Rugby Football Union and Others 2000 (1) SA 1 (CC). R v. Insurance Ombusman Bureau, ex p. Aegon Life Assurance Ltd [1994] C.L.C 88, 93. 1 Footnotes [1] Human Rights Act 1998 s.6(1). [2] Ibid s.6(3). [3] Ibid schedule 1. [4] Bamforth, N (1999) p.159. [5] Bakker, R (1995) p.154. [6] Bamforth (ibid) p.163. [7] Ibid p.160. [8] Ibid. [9] See, for instance, in South African judicial review jurisprudence President of Republic of South Africa and Others v. South African Rugby Football Union and Others 2000 (1) SA 1 (CC). [10] R v. Insurance Ombudsman Bureau, ex p. Aegon Life Assurance Ltd [1994] C.L.C 88, 93. [11] Beatson, J (1999) p.102. [12] Ibid. [13] Joint Committee on Human Rights (2004) p.16. [14] Ibid. [15] Ibid p.56. [16] Ibid. [17] Turpin, C (2007) p.62. [18] Human Rights Act (ibid) s.3. [19] Ibid s.4; Turpin (ibid) p.62. [20] Turpin (ibid) p.110. [21] Department for Constitutional Affairs (2006) p.1. [22] Woolf, L (2005) p.1. [23] Ewing, K.D (1999) p.88. [24] Human Rights Act (ibid) s.7(3). [25] Woolf (ibid) p.3. [26] Turpin (ibid) p.274. [27] Ewin g (ibid) p.92. [28] Ibid. [29] Ibid p.99.

 The Construction of Self-Ownership Free Essays

The construction of Self-ownership through reflective surfaces.None of us have ever really truly saw our faces. We saw ourselves through mirrors and reflective surfaces, which posses a primordial role for viewing the self. We will write a custom essay sample on   The Construction of Self-Ownership or any similar topic only for you Order Now But what if the mirrors we are using everyday are lying to us?Ourselves experiencing our own body is very different than imagining our body or seeing it in front of a mirror or experiencing ourselves looking out of our eyes. We are likely to experience our body as something apart from ourselves, something we have to look upon. The body seems to be more of a an external instrument for who you are than who you are. Our body is a tool where we can inhabit who we really are. Our minds fool themselves believing that this tool is who we really are, but the body is only an interim transporter for the consciousness that is looking throw our own your eyes. Our minds bear off from the truth through the our own constructions of our inner image, which is made by mirrors or other reflective surfaces. In the absence of them, we might would not know what we look like. We would just experience our persona and the environment without a full awareness of our external physical image. Our mind would still build other self-images, maybe even a made-up picture of ourselves based on how people react to us, but it would be much arduous to identify with an image that was not constantly being reinforced by mirrors. How we perceive and think about ourselves is the self-concept. Being aware of it is having a concept of ourselves, a feeling of being disconnected and divergent from others. Corporal self-consciousness refers to the awareness of the interaction of our body in space with other objects. The occurrence of seeing ourselves with a third-person point of view threw reflective surfaces or mirrors. How see ourselves through a mirror influences the representations we have of ourselves compared with an accurate third-person point of view. Mirrors are fundamental instruments for understanding and reviewing the self. Mirror reflections of one’s constitution can be identified the near person’s body space, which empowers overhauling of our bodies representations. We use mirrors for visual references and navigations of complex actions and to acknowledge ourselves. We can intuitively perceive how a mirror’s reflections relate to our real bodies when we are situated facing one. Viewing the self in a mirror of a reflective surface involves a spatial transformation process over and above pure recognition of oneself in pictures and images.We use mirrors for visual references and navigations of complex actions and to acknowledge ourselves. We can intuitively perceive how a mirror’s reflections relate to our real bodies when we are situated facing one. A spatial transformation is affecting by watching ourselves in a mirror or reflective surface, differing from the process of the recognition of the self through photographs. Mirrors poses the power to steal our peace. Some people want to feel good about themselves but what they see on a piece of metal devastates them. A lot of us can probably recall hearing someone describing themselves with a list of negative adjectives and the next step they they take is standing in front of a piece of metal and in their eyes their lives are ruined. Did this person ever saw their face with their naked eye? No. This implies that we, human beings, let myths and hypothesis dictates our lives. It is a lie that we are telling to ourselves. A piece of a metal that is a human invention and has the power to give you pain or satisfaction, amongst other positive or negative feelings. It can maybe be considered that this artefact is one of the ultimate methods of self-imposed distress due to the fact that it plays with the ones unconscious and conscious fears. As Jorge L. Borges wrote in the first paragraph of his poem â€Å"Los Espejos† (The Mirrors): â€Å"I, who have felt the horror of mirrorsNot only in front of the impenetrable crystalWhere there ends and begins, uninhabitable,An impossible space of reflections† The visual material from a mirror’s reflection of our body is directed back to the body itself in front of the mirror. During the mirror complete body illusion we do not experience a referral of touch towards the location of the observed image or feel as though we are filling the place in the same spatial position as the image that we see. Instead, due to our inherent knowledge of the mirror’s transformations, the visual content from the mirror reflection is interpreted back to our own body. The global experience of the complete body illusion is thought to comprise of diverse components. These components include referral of touch, the feeling that the touch one feels are the same as those one sees, as well as explicit feelings of ownership. The mirror surrenders us to a extracorporeal experience. The sensation of the projected out of the body and the allowance of seeing one’s own body from the point of view of an external observer or even be able to project other places. There is a confrontation to an encounter that can be claimed to be experienced as a separation or unfolding of of the body. Reflective surfaces and mirrors help us to have a relationship and connect with the person we really are as a whole being. We don’t see ourselves as someone but as an image of ourselves. We construct a subjective trace of our portraits, maybe this is the challenge we must phase. How to cite   The Construction of Self-Ownership, Papers

Warhols Portraits Essay Example For Students

Warhols Portraits Essay Some of the portraits that were done by Warhol began with Troy Donahue and Warren Beatty, and Elvis Presley. Then later on came Marilynn Monroe and Jackie Kennedy. There was also a series of car crash pictures done around this time. The Jackie Kennedy portraits were done very shortly after the assassination of President Kennedy. They mirrored the mourning face of Jackie that was shown time and time again in the media. There were eight different images that were all taken from different newspapers at the time. The number of works in this series is still unknown. Crone pg 29 The car crash pictures had an extreme amount of variation. They ranged from having one picture to a canvas to having up to twenty on the same canvas at one time. There are many different colored pictures in this set. The most major change from one to another is the background color. It is difficult for critics to place the origination of the meaning of this set of works. Crone pg 29 The series involving the electric chairs has a very serious political statement. It is a symbol of misuse of governmental sovereignty; it has also been considered and open confession of a deficiency in cultural development. Crone About the same time as the electric chair pictures were being shown there were many other quite disturbing sets of pictures being shown. They were of race riots and many were taken directly from newspaper articles of the Nazi Germany and Castros revolution in Cuba. Crone pg 29 One of the last serial sets that Warhol created before moving on from painting was of flowers. The flowers were produced in an extreme variety of sizes and quantities. These were on display in 1964. The original flowers were taken from a women magazine. Unlike most of his earlier works, these reproductions were touched up by hand on the screen. These are also different in that they do not represent anything to Warhol. They are strictly decorative. The colors used in the painting arent used to symbolize anything but just to bring out color in decoration. In all there were about nine hundred of the flower painting made in Warhols studio, The Factory. These were among the very last of Warhols paintings, in the remainder of his life he concentrated on movie making. Crone pg 30 During Warhols life his work has been controversial. He has become more recognized and famous after his death in 1987. I think that his purpose for being an artist seemed to be different from that of other artists. Im not convinced he painted and filmed for the love of the art or so much for his purpose in doing it. I think he had a message he wanted to get across and this was the medium through which he chose to express himself.